All subject related ( NDB1,NDB2, NBDE) info can be shared here.

This thread is exclusively for users who want to help others by explaining a certain topic of interest, post mnemonic's or questions ( please include answers too) and for deliberating academically informative information.

Please don't post unrelated links, websites ( use the "links of interest" for this) or any other messages including words of thanks and encouragement here.


( suggestions and opinions on how to improve and modify this thread are welcome)

Okay, I'll be the first to ask.:)

Which of the following represents the pH of a solution that has a 10 -5 (1/100000) M concentration of OH- ion?

A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D)determinable only if pK is known
E) determinable only the base composition is known






Answer is (C)--9

Can somebody please explain me how to calculate this?

Thanks in advance

hi Mogambo!
here's the answer to your question:

The pH and pOH of a water solution at 25oC are related by the following equation.

pH + pOH = 14
(where 14 is the Kw, the equilibrium constant for the ionization of water)

so,

when they have given the concentration of OH- ion as (10) -5 M that means the pOH is 5 (since pH=negative log of H+ ion conc., same for pOH )
so, for your question the answer would be,
pH=14-5=9
(or) simply that the Concentration of H+ ion is (10) -9M

you can calculate either the pH or pOH using this .Hope that helps.
Good luck with your preparation.Hope Mogambo Khush hua....

:D

Thanks a lot! Mogembo....*bahut* khush hua:laugh:

Hey all,
Does anyone know about the pharmacology questions for part 2 NDB exam that are compiled together as an when they have been asked in the past exams. I think UOP gives this out to there dental students.Does any one have it or knows how to get it.

Thanks

OUTLINE OF REVIEW TOPICS FOR RESPIRATION

Ventilation and Lung Mechanics
1. Air flow between atmosphere and alveoli of lungs is proportional to the difference between atmospheric and alveolar pressures and inversely proportional to airway resistance: Flow = (Patm ? Palv)/R

2. Between breaths, Patm = Palv, no air is flowing, and the dimensions of the lungs and thoracic cage are stable as the result of opposing elastic forces.
a. Lungs are stretched and are attempting to recoil, whereas the chest wall is compressed and attempting to move outward.
b. This creates a subatmospheric intrapleural pressure and hence a transpulmonary pressure that opposes the force of elastic recoil.

3. During inspiration, contractions of diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles increase volume of the thoracic cage.
a. This makes intrapleural pressure more subatmospheric, increases transpulmonary pressure, and causes the lungs to expand.
b. This expansion initially makes alveolar pressure subatmospheric, which creates the pressure difference between the atmosphere and alveoli to drive air flow into lungs.

4. During expiration, the inspiratory muscles cease contracting, allowing the elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs to return them to their original between-breath size.
This initially compresses the alveolar air, raising alveolar pressure above atmospheric pressure and driving air out of the lungs.

5. Lung compliance is determined by the elastic connective tissue of the lungs and the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli. The surface tension is greatly reduced, and compliance increased, by surfactant, produced by cells of the alveoli.

6. Airway resistance determines how much air flows into the lungs at any given pressure difference between atmosphere and alveoli.
a. Major determinant of airway resistance is radii of airways.
b. Airway resistance is greatly increased during an asthma attack because of contraction of airway smooth muscle.

7. The vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation and
a. is the sum of resting tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and the expiratory reserve volume.
b. The air remaining in the lungs is the residual volume.

8. Minute ventilation is the product of tidal volume and respiratory rate.
Alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume ? dead space volume) X (respiratory rate).
Tidal volume = amount of air inspired or expired during each breath.
Dead space = the portion of inspired air that fails to reach areas of gas exchange.

Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues
1. Exchange of gases in lungs and tissues is by diffusion, as a result of differences in partial pressures. Gases diffuse from a region of higher partial pressure to one of lower partial pressure.

2. In general adequate gas exchange depends on:
a. Thickness of membrane.
b. Surface area of membrane.
c. Solubility of the gas in the substance of the membrane.
d. Pressure difference between the two sides of the membrane.

3. At sea level, atmospheric air has a PO2 of 160 mmHg and a PCO2 near zero.

4. Average values in arterial blood: PO2 is 100 mmHg and PCO2 is 40 mmHg.

5. Hypoventilation
a. exists when there is an increase in the ratio of CO2 production to alveolar ventilation.
b. results in an increase in blood hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) and a decrease in blood pH. This is called respiratory acidosis.

6. Hyperventilation
a. exists when there is a decrease in the ratio of CO2 production to alveolar ventilation.
b. results in a decrease in blood [H+] and an increase in blood pH. This is called respiratory alkalosis.

Transport of O2 in Blood
1. 98% of O2 is transported bound to hemoglobin and 2% dissolved in blood.

2. At saturation, hemoglobin binds to 4 O2 molecules.

3. The major determinant of the degree to which hemoglobin is saturated with O2 is the blood PO2.
a. Almost 100% saturated at a PO2 of 100 mmHg. The fact that saturation is 90% complete at a PO2 of 60 mmHg permits relatively normal uptake of O2 by the blood even when alveolar PO2 is moderately reduced.
b. Hemoglobin is 75% saturated at the normal systemic venous PO2 of 40 mmHg. Thus only 25% of the O2 has dissociated from hemoglobin and entered the tissues.

Transport of CO2 and Hydrogen Ion in Blood
1. The majority of the CO2 in the blood combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) (catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase), which then dissociates to bicarbonate (HCO3) and H+. Thus the majority of CO2 is carried in the blood as HCO3.

2. H+ generated from carbonic acid is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin.

Control of Respiration
1. Breathing depends upon cyclical inspiratory muscle excitation by the nerves to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. This neural activity is triggered by the medullary inspiratory neurons.

2. Inputs to the medullary inspiratory neurons for the involuntary control of ventilation are from
a. peripheral chemoreceptors- the carotid and aortic bodies- and
b. central chemoreceptors.
c. lung stretch receptors.

3. Ventilation is reflexly stimulated by
a. decrease in arterial PO2, mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors, but only when the decrease is large.
b. even a slight increase in arterial PCO2, mediated via both the peripheral and central chemoreceptors. The stimulus for this reflex is not the increased PCO2 itself, but the concomitant increased [H+] in arterial blood and brain extracellular fluid.
c. an increase in arterial [H+] resulting from causes other than an increase in PCO2 (metabolic acidosis), mediated via the peripheral chemoreceptors. The result of this reflex is to restore [H+] toward normal by lowering PCO2.

4. Ventilation is reflexly inhibited by an increase in arterial PO2, by a decrease in arterial PCO2 or [H+] and by activation of lung stretch receptors.

Hello CANDLES, thanks for telling everyone.If u come to know abt these papers please let us know by posting u r reply here. Thanks once again.

Hi,
Could anyone tell me what preparations we are supposed to do for the California bench tests?Amalgam class 2,inlay,onlay,3/4crown,7/8crown,full crown..Is there anything else?

Now you will need only two things to master DAO:

1)The decks....I have been refering the 2001 version.So that will be good enough.

2)The ASDA reprints......the ones I have are till 1996


So lets start with the topic about which I did not know ANYTHING till I started studing for my boards.And I used to go crazy trying to figure them out.

Mandibular Movements

Now basically there are only 2 movements....
A)The Functional Mandibular Lateral Excursion.
B)Mandibular Protrusion.

But since the mandible is a bilateral joint,there are two sides to consider in the lateral movement.

1)the working side:this is the side to which the mandible is moving.

2)Non-working side:The other side.....thats the side from which the mandible is moving away from.

How do you determine which is the working side and the non-working side looking at the arrows on the text?

SIMPLE!

When the arrow is exactly horizontal......pointing towards the lingual on mandibular and buccal on the maxillary teeth it is a WORKING SIDE MOVEMENT!

Now I am sure all of you will be able to determine the side looking at the occlusal surfaces of the teeth shown.

So when there is a Horizontal arrow that is a working side movement of the same side.

1)Imagine a diagram showing the occlusal surfaces of the lower right posteriors.The arrow is exactly straight pointing towards the lingual,then the movement is a working side movement to the right side.

2)When the occlusal surfaces of the upper left posteriors is shown with the arrows pointing to the buccal, its a working side movement to the left.

As simple as that!

Now in case of the non-working side movements,the arrow is obliquely directed.

The Mandibular cusps move mesially and lingually and the Maxillary teeth move distally and facially.

So if u have the occlusal surfaces of the lower right posteriors with the arrow pointing distofacially its a non-working side movement to the right(see 1 above)

and similarly if you have the occlusal surfaces of the upper right posteriors with the arrow pointing to the mesiolingually its the non-working side movement to the left....see 2 above!

Remember the arrows do not depict the movement of the cusps shown.They indicate the direction the occluding cusps move in the respective movement

so in 1 even though u have the lower right teeth shown with the arrow pointing to the lingual, it does not mean that the lower teeth are moving lingually.It means that the occluding teeth, viz. the upper right teeth are moving lingually against the lower teeth.

The protrisive movement is very easy to understand, as there is no working and non-working side confusion here.

just remember the direction of the arrow on the respective teeth.....it will point anteriorly on the maxillary and posteriorly on the mandibular teeth.

VERY ZIMBLE.......as my mallu geography teacher would have said it.

so now I would like you all to get out your reprints first, read only the questions with the occlusal surfaces of teeth and arrows on them.....and try to solve them using this key which I have given.You all have to get them right.

a very simple way to do it is to make a chart in the following format

Direction of arrow on the working side as shown on following teeth:

1)maxillary 2)Mandibular

buccally lingually

and draw diagrams showing the movement and direction of movement of cusps.

do the same thing for the non working side....and put it up on the mirror......you will surely master this aspect within a week,unless you are bald....in which case you have to put it somewhere u will see it the most......

There is a lateral-protrusive movement, but I think there is only one question showing this movement so I will not include this here as it is very confusing and not too important.

hope I have not bored you all with this.

Please let me know what you feel about my tutorial, whether it has helped you in any way and whether you would like me to make any changes in the next one....

happy mandibular movements!

Well here we are with the next tutorial

we will have a look at the actual occlusion of our teeth,
mainly the posteriors:

lets start with the Maxillary cusps.

1)Buccal cusps:-

Maxillary buccal cusps occlude only with grooves and embrassures of
class counterpart or class counterpart and tooth distal to it.

A)The cusp of the canine lies in the facial embrassure b/w the
mandi canine and pre-molar.

It is unique in that it is the only tooth which overlaps teeth in
both the anterior and posterior segment.

How ever the TIP does not articulate with any tooth.

B)Ist Pre-molar:-

It occludes with the facial embrassure b/w mandi pre-molars.

C)IInd Pre-molar:-

It occludes with facial embrassure b/w 2nd PM and 1st molar.

D)Ist Molar:-

MB Cusp:MB groove of mandi 1st molar

DB CuspB groove of mandi 1st molar

Oblique Ridgeeve. Groove b/w DB and Distal cusp of mandi 1st Molar

E)IInd Molar:

MB Cusp:MB groove of mandi 2nd molar

DB Cusp:Embrassure b/w mandi 2nd and 3rd molar.

---------------------*----------------------

Lets now go on to the Lingual cusps:

These occlude with Fossae and Marginal Ridges of class counterpart or
class counterpart and tooth distal to it.

A)Ist Pre-Molaristal triangular fossa of mandi 1st PM.

B)IInd Pre-Molaristal triangular fossa of mandi 2nd PM

C)Ist Molar:

-ML Cusp:Central Fossa of mandi 1st molar

-DL Cuspistal Marginal Ridge of 1st molar and
Mesial Marginal Ridge of 2nd molar

D)IInd Molar:

-ML Cusp:Central Fossa of mandi 2nd molar

-DL Cuspistal Marginal Ridge of 2nd molar and
Mesial Marginal Ridge of 3rd molar

Imp Notes:

The TIPS do not occlude with any tooth.

Also it is the triangular ridge of the maxillary cusps which are resting in the sucli and embrassures of the mandibular teeth.....there are a couple of questions about this point too...

I think I have covered almost everything about the maxillary cusps.....the tut on mandibular cusps will be uploaded in a day or two....
__________________

OK ppl its occlusion time.....

this time we will be having a closer look at the mandibular cusps.....and where they leave their mark...

A)Buccal cusps:

They occlude into central/mesial/distal fossae of their class counterpart or onto the marginal ridges of their counterpart and the tooth mesial to it.

lets go tooth wise...

1)Ist Pre-molar: Mesial triangular fossa of maxillary 1st PM
and Distal Marginal Ridge of Canine

2)IInd Pre-molar: Mesial triangular fossa of 2nd PM

3)Ist Molar:

-MB cusp: Mesial marginal ridge of 1st molar
and Distal marginal ridge of 2nd PM

-DB cusp: Central fossa of 1st molar

-Distal cusp: Distal triangular fossa of 1st molar

4)IInd Molar:

-MB cusp: MMR of 2nd molar and DMR of 1st molar

-DB cusp: Central fossa of 2nd molar


___________________________________________

B)Lingual Cusps:

They occlude into the lingual embrassures between their class counterpart and tooth mesial to it or into the lingual grooves of their counterparts

1)Ist Pre-molar: The lingual cusp does NOT occlude
with any opposing tooth.

2)IInd Pre-molar: Lingual embrassure btween Maxillary Pre-molars

3)Ist Molar:

-ML cusp: Lingual embrassure between 2nd PM and 1st molar

-DL cusp: Lingual groove of 1st molar

4)IInd molar:

-ML cusp: Lingual embrassur between 1st and 2nd molar

-DL cusp: Lingual groove of 2nd molar

thanks...gpg.....

hi gpg thanks a lot for ur tutorial its brilliant.i have a q ...what is the primary function of pulp?this is fromt he asda reprint of da paper 1977(question number30),its in packet a.now the choices are,innervation,provide multiple apical foramina etc.the answer is #1,the formation of DENTIN? :eek: now how can this be?i have wiht my othjer set of papers i have as well.they also have the same ans listed now i am thoroughly confused shouldnt that ebthe job of soemthign else?liek enameloblasts prod enamel etc whats pulp got to do wiht dentin formation could ull pls check&lemme know if ull have the same ans as well in ur papers?
dec1977 da paper q no30.plssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss help! :confused:

hi gpg thanks a lot for ur tutorial its brilliant.i have a q ...what is the primary function of pulp?this is fromt he asda reprint of da paper 1977(question number30),its in packet a.now the choices are,innervation,provide multiple apical foramina etc.the answer is #1,the formation of DENTIN? :eek: now how can this be?i have wiht my othjer set of papers i have as well.they also have the same ans listed now i am thoroughly confused shouldnt that ebthe job of soemthign else?liek enameloblasts prod enamel etc whats pulp got to do wiht dentin formation could ull pls check&lemme know if ull have the same ans as well in ur papers?
dec1977 da paper q no30.plssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss help! :confused:

The pulp has in it, the odontoblast which produces dentin as long as the tooth is vital! So that's why it is listed as it's primary function.

Hope this helps. :)

hi everyone,
I am confused with glomerular filtration rate,plasma clearance rate n substances which determine them.like is it creatinine or PAH or inulin which is used for determining the GFR.And also what products are reobsorbed n secreted by the tubules,it would be really helpfull if anyone can really help me with this
Thanks

need advice fcor these question
In ideal Occlusion the lingual cusp of max second premolar contacts
1 the distal fossa of ,mandibular second premolar
2 distal marginal ridge of mandibular first molar
3 mesial marginal ridge of mandibular first molar

largest incisal or occlusal embrasure is located between which of the following teeth
1 max lateral and canine
2 max canine and first premolar

in cervical cross section, the root of a mandibular canine is described as
1 triangular
2 roughly conical
3 flattened in a mesiodistal direction
4 broader mesiodistally on the lingual than on the facial

need advice fcor these question
In ideal Occlusion the lingual cusp of max second premolar contacts
1 the distal fossa of ,mandibular second premolar
2 distal marginal ridge of mandibular first molar
3 mesial marginal ridge of mandibular first molar

largest incisal or occlusal embrasure is located between which of the following teeth
1 max lateral and canine
2 max canine and first premolar

in cervical cross section, the root of a mandibular canine is described as
1 triangular
2 roughly conical
3 flattened in a mesiodistal direction
4 broader mesiodistally on the lingual than on the facial

The answers: 1, 1, 3.
correct me if I am wrong :D

hi everyone,
I am confused with glomerular filtration rate,plasma clearance rate n substances which determine them.like is it creatinine or PAH or inulin which is used for determining the GFR.And also what products are reobsorbed n secreted by the tubules,it would be really helpfull if anyone can really help me with this
Thanks

Ok, here is what I think,

Inulin is used for determining the GFR (Plama clearence of inulin indicates GFR)
Serun creatinine & assessment of blood urea nitrogen(BUN) also helps to determine kidney function. These tests primarily evaluate GF by assessing GFR.

Inulin is filtered but not secreted or reabsorbed by the kidney tubules.
PAH is filtered & secreted.
Creatinine is filtered & secreted(small amount) but not reabsorbed.

Hope this helps :)

don't u think the incisal embrasure should be the largest in between the canine and the PM and don't u think the the lingual cusp should fall in the distal fossa of the mandibular second molar

Thanks dentaldoc.I will remember them now hopefully :)

don't u think the incisal embrasure should be the largest in between the canine and the PM and don't u think the the lingual cusp should fall in the distal fossa of the mandibular second molar

I think incisal embrasure will be the largest in between the canine and the PM if it's in the case of mandibular teeth.

the lingual cusp of maxilary second PM should fall in the distal fossa of the mandibular second PM.

Do we need to use any text books for pharmacology other than the decks and the reprints.I find them inadequate as compared to what i had studied in the B.D.S. course .If so ,which texts should be used.Kindly let me know. :confused:

Hi,
Which primary tooth bears least resemblance to any other tooth primary or permanent?

Is it the primary mandibular first molar or primary maxillary first molar.

Hi,
Which primary tooth bears least resemblance to any other tooth primary or permanent?

Is it the primary mandibular first molar or primary maxillary first molar.

Pri Man 1st molar.

All subject related ( NDB1,NDB2, NBDE) info can be shared here.

This thread is exclusively for users who want to help others by explaining a certain topic of interest, post mnemonic's or questions ( please include answers too) and for deliberating academically informative information.

Please don't post unrelated links, websites ( use the "links of interest" for this) or any other messages including words of thanks and encouragement here.


( suggestions and opinions on how to improve and modify this thread are welcome)
hi there, i am new to us and i am preparing for my nbd part 1 pls tell me where can i get the decks for both 1 an2 , if possible second hand. thanks for helping. :)

hi there, i am new to us and i am preparing for my nbd part 1 pls tell me where can i get the decks for both 1 an2 , if possible second hand. thanks for helping. :)

Dear Prets,
Welcome to SDN!
Regarding decks you can check out thw sales forum on SDN.Other than that you can try finding stuff on www.ebay.com.
All the best.

hi guys i m giving my part i in august and i just came across this thread since i didnot have a computer couldnot much access to this site anyway i just went through the tutorials of gpg i thought it was awesome but i had one doubt regarding the movements of cusps during non-working movements for eg
in an ideal intercuspal position, when the mandible makes a right lateral excursion, mesiolingual cusp of permanent maxillary right first molar opposes the
1. sulcus bet mesiofacial and distofacial cusps of mandi first molar
2 sulcus bet distofacial and distal cusps of mandi first molar
3. embrassure bet mandi first molar and mandi second pre molar
4. sulcis bet lingual cusps of mandi first molar
5. embrassure bet mandi first and second molar
i m very confused regarding such movement like when maxi or mandi teeth move in lateral movements which cusps which contact or pass bet which teeth , which is the best way to determine such things.
any help is appreciated i m very confused. :

The ideal way would be to get a plaster model to practice but the best way(I use it!!) is to make movt and check in your mouth....don't worry about the stares to get :D

Does anyone want to sell used NBDE Part I material? I would like to pay for it. I am living in Columbus, OH. So people living in the same place are preferred. My e-mail is wzdoctor@hotmail.com. thanks! :love:

hi
am new to this discussions.have a small doubt and need clearance reg...
please help me out guys...

in hematology,a shift to the left infers an increase in circulating immature neutrophils...

what does this mean

I was reading DA decks & this card is driving me crazy......
If anyone would care to explain the following it would be wonderful.....

In a workjing side movemnet, the mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar passes thro the lingual groove of the mandi first molar.

Ina a working side movement, the mesiobuccal cusp of maxi second molar passes thro' the facial groove of mandi sec molar.

Ina a working side movement, the oblique ridge of max first molar passes thro distobuccal sulcus of mandi first molar.

Could someone please elaborate why the above is true......!!!!!!
Treasure!!!

have a question. I am not sure what are the materials needed for aprt 2. So let me list the ones I know and let me know if I miss something.
1.Dental decks-2001( COULD YOU TELL ME WHICH YEARS IS THE LATEST 2004 IS THERE??)
2.question papers booklets.
3.Sample Case Studies booklet.
4.Kaplan notes.( COULD YOU TELL ME WHICH YEARS IS THE LATEST 2004 IS THERE??)
5.Sample Case Studies booklet.
6.Color pathology booklet

PLEASE LET ME KNOW IF I MISS SOMETHING HERE. ALSO WHICH YEARS OF DECKS AND KAPLAN ARE THE LATEST???

thanks guys
ss

Hi everyone

I am about to do NBDE part 2. Very confused with so called un-official released questions a friend gave it to me.Anyone know how reliable they are & how high yeild they are? I have alot of controversies in the answers as well.

kiwiboy

hi
am new to this discussions.have a small doubt and need clearance reg...
please help me out guys...

in hematology,a shift to the left infers an increase in circulating immature neutrophils...

what does this mean
hai vinny ,
I think I could explain u the concept .Let us consider the formation of granulocyte as an example.The steps involved in the formation are as follows:

myeloblast-promyelocyte-myelocyte-metamyelocyte-granulocyte

In the above case a shift to left means metamyelocyte , myelocyte &so on (reverse ) which are all immature cells(only granulocytes are mature cells)
Hence a shift to the left infers an increase in circulating immature cells.
Vinny hope I was able to clear ur doubt.

Please help me with this question :confused:

If a person has normal musculature but has difficulty swallowing, which nerves should be tested for function?
Vagus and Splanchnic Or
Vagus and Glossopharyngeal

Thank you
Sarita

hi guys i m giving my part i in august and i just came across this thread since i didnot have a computer couldnot much access to this site anyway i just went through the tutorials of gpg i thought it was awesome but i had one doubt regarding the movements of cusps during non-working movements for eg
in an ideal intercuspal position, when the mandible makes a right lateral excursion, mesiolingual cusp of permanent maxillary right first molar opposes the
1. sulcus bet mesiofacial and distofacial cusps of mandi first molar
2 sulcus bet distofacial and distal cusps of mandi first molar
3. embrassure bet mandi first molar and mandi second pre molar
4. sulcis bet lingual cusps of mandi first molar
5. embrassure bet mandi first and second molar
i m very confused regarding such movement like when maxi or mandi teeth move in lateral movements which cusps which contact or pass bet which teeth , which is the best way to determine such things.
any help is appreciated i m very confused. :

drniralp,
I think the answer for ur Q is -- 4 i.e sulci bet ling. cusps of mand 1 st molar.
Check it i ur own mouth :)

Could any body clarify my confusion reg. depolarisation & repolarisation,hyperpolarisation.. :(
I'm a bit confused after refering to kp then decks
I would appreciate if any one could clear my :confused: in a most simplest way you could.

Hi Smiley,
I will try to explain your doubt.
You know that the resting membrane potential is -70mv.This is caused because of the un equal distribution of charged atoms (ions) on either side of the cell membrane . It is little negative on the inside of the cell,hence the "minus" (-70).This will continue to be as long as the nerve is not disturbed or not stimulated.
The two major ions responsible for the membrane potential are Na+ and K+.There are gates in the nerve membrane namely the Na+ GATES and K+ GATES( Channels).There is a pump called as the "Na-K pump".The active transport of the ions across the cell membrane is because of this pump.This forces the Na ions out of the cell and K ions into the cell.There will more Na concentration outside the membrane and K concentration inside,because of this.
When the cell membrane is at rest,Na gates are closed .But when there is a stimulus,the Na channels are opened and all the Na ions come in rushing into the cell and there will be a sudden increase in the positive charge inside the cell and the membrane potential will go from -70mv to say +30 mv in few milliseconds.This is the DEPOLARISATION
Na channels open only briefly and close again.
Now K channels open (all of them) and since there is more concentration of K inside the cell,K goes out of the cell, bringing down the membrane potential to its original value .this is REPOLARISATION.
Even after the resting membrane potential is reached sometimes the K channels are open for longer periods and then more K ions go out ,this is HYPERPOLARISATION
Hope i didnt confuse u even more and i know my explanation is very lengthy..but.. hope it helps you.Good luck :)

Hi Smiley,
I will try to explain your doubt.
You know that the resting membrane potential is -70mv.This is caused because of the un equal distribution of charged atoms (ions) on either side of the cell membrane . It is little negative on the inside of the cell,hence the "minus" (-70).This will continue to be as long as the nerve is not disturbed or not stimulated.
The two major ions responsible for the membrane potential are Na+ and K+.There are gates in the nerve membrane namely the Na+ GATES and K+ GATES( Channels).There is a pump called as the "Na-K pump".The active transport of the ions across the cell membrane is because of this pump.This forces the Na ions out of the cell and K ions into the cell.There will more Na concentration outside the membrane and K concentration inside,because of this.
When the cell membrane is at rest,Na gates are closed .But when there is a stimulus,the Na channels are opened and all the Na ions come in rushing into the cell and there will be a sudden increase in the positive charge inside the cell and the membrane potential will go from -70mv to say +30 mv in few milliseconds.This is the DEPOLARISATION
Na channels open only briefly and close again.
Now K channels open (all of t shem) and since there is more concentration of K inside the cell,K goes out of the cell, bringing down the membrane potential to its original value .this is REPOLARISATION.
Even after the resting membrane potential is reached sometimes the K channels are open for longer periods and then more K ions go out ,this is HYPERPOLARISATION
Hope i didnt confuse u even more and i know my explanation is very lengthy..but.. hope it helps you.Good luck :)
Hi skm,

Thanqs a loooot for ur patience in explaining my basic dout,confusing since my college.It's been cleared by you now.
your explanation is in a easy way ,re solved my confusion.
thaxz 4 all
GOOD LUCK 2 u too...

Hi all
can ne one explain me,
about the FOUR HANDED DENTISTRY...

Thanks .

Four Handed Dentistry refers to the practise where the dentist is continously assisted by a chair side assistant.

The assistant is either sitting or standing on the other side of the chair and is mainly responsible for suction and handing out materials and instruments.

This is expected to save time and also prevent contamination of the dentists hands.

Four Handed Dentistry refers to the practise where the dentist is continously assisted by a chair side assistant.

The assistant is either sitting or standing on the other side of the chair and is mainly responsible for suction and handing out materials and instruments.

This is expected to save time and also prevent contamination of the dentists hands.
Hi...Thanks a lot.

HI!
Am looking for Dental Decks & BRS for Pathology & Physiology (Second Hand).
Anybody interested in selling pls contact at
twenty_half@yahoo.com
THANKS
:idea:

hi
I want your help to trace the site for Canadian dental schools which take international students.
waiting for reply
sonibun

hi
I want your help to trace the site for Canadian dental schools which take international students.
waiting for reply
sonibun

click here for american and canadian dental schools (http://www.dental-resources.com/dented2.html#uswww)

click here for american and canadian dental schools (http://www.dental-resources.com/dented2.html#uswww)
hi
how r u ??how is ur prepartn for joining the school i got rejectn lettr from upenn and expectng same from boston.my sruggle is not over yet keep in touch i will have to give canadian exam no other option for me.Can u guide me for HARP in Canada.
with thanks and regards

hi all
i have one question:-
what is the most common site for intraoral SCC?
LATERAL BORDERAND VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE TONGUE
FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
actually i m confused with the answer given in dental decks and kaplan :confused:
in kaplan it is written floor of the mouth and in dental decks its lateral border and ventral surface of tongue.
if anybody knows the exact answer plz help.
thanx and good luck :thumbup:

hi all
i have one question:-
what is the most common site for intraoral SCC?
LATERAL BORDERAND VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE TONGUE
FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
actually i m confused with the answer given in dental decks and kaplan :confused:
in kaplan it is written floor of the mouth and in dental decks its lateral border and ventral surface of tongue.
if anybody knows the exact answer plz help.
thanx and good luck :thumbup:

The answer is

Tongue - Lateral Border & Ventral Surface ...Incidence 35%

Floor of the Mouth......Incidence 30%

rahmed

u r right sir! it is the ventral surface of the tongue.

u r right sir! it is the ventral surface of the tongue.

Thanks

rahmed

Thanks

rahmed
thanx rahmed

I plan on taking my ndb I in about a konths time. I have gone through the kaplan's review material and dont have the time to go through that again. Is it ok if i stick with Dental decks and Released question papers???? something in me tells me thats not gonna be enough...any ideas..?

Work still in progress, but I'll finish it soon

Cranial Nerves

CN 1 – olfactory

• The olfactory nerve is actually a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb and pass through the many openings of the cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone. These specialized sensory receptive parts of the olfactory nerve are then located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. During breathing air molecules attach to the olfactory mucosa and stimulate the olfactory receptors of cranial nerve I and electrical activity is transduced into the olfactory bulb. Olfactory bulb cells then transmit electrical activity to other parts of the central nervous system via the olfactory tract.


• CN II. Optic Nerve

The optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina which are connected to the specialized receptors in the retina (rod and cone cells). Light strikes the rod and cone cells and electrical impulses are transduced and transmitted to the bipolar cells. The bipolar cells in turn transmit electrical activity to the central nervous system through the optic nerve. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit and enters the optic canal and exits into the cranium. It enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the brain.

• CN III. Oculomotor Nerve

The oculomotor nerve originates from motor neurons in the oculomotor (somatomotor) and Edinger-Westphal (visceral motor – preganglionic parasympathetic) nuclei in the brainstem. Nerve cell bodies in this region give rise to axons that exit the ventral surface of the brainstem as the oculomotor nerve. The nerve passes through the two layers of the dura mater including the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and then enters the superior orbital fissure to access the orbit. The somatomotor component of the nerve divides into a superior and inferior division. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. The visceromotor or parasympathetic component of the oculomotor nerve travels with inferior division. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers (postganglionic parasympathetic fibers) into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.



• CN IV. Trochlear Nerve

The trochlear nerve is purely a motor nerve and is the only cranial nerve to exit the brain dorsally!!! The trochlear nerve supplies one muscle: the superior oblique. The cell bodies that originate the fourth cranial nerve are located in ventral part of the brainstem in the trochlear nucleus. The trochlear nucleus gives rise to nerves that cross (decussate) to the other side of the brainstem just prior to exiting the brainstem. Thus, each superior oblique muscle is supplied by nerve fibers from the trochlear nucleus of the opposite side. The trochlear nerve fibers curve forward and enter the dura mater at the angle between the free and attached border of the tentorium cerebelli. The nerve travels in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus and then enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure. The nerve travels medially and diagonally across the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscle to innervate the superior oblique muscle.

• CN V. Trigeminal Nerve

The trigeminal nerve as the name indicates is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The large sensory root and smaller motor root leave the brainstem at the midlateral surface of pons. The sensory root terminates in the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei which extends from the pons all the way down into the second cervical level of the spinal cord. The sensory root joins the trigeminal or semilunar ganglion between the layers of the dura mater in a depression on the floor of the middle crania fossa. This depression is the location of the so called Meckle's cave. The motor root originates from cells located in the masticator motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve located in the midpons of the brainstem. The motor root passes through the trigeminal ganglion and combines with the corresponding sensory root to become the mandibular nerve.

o Opthalmic division (V1)
 Lateral wall of dura  lateral cavernous sinus  supraorbital fissure
 Sensory innervation to the eye, forehead, nose
 Mediates the Corneal Reflex
o Maxillary division (V2)
 Cavernous sinus  Foramen rotundum
 Sensory fibers to midface (below eye level but above the upper lip)
• palate
• Maxillary teeth – anterior, middle, posterior branches
• Maxillary gingiva – labial or buccal surfaces by the anterior, middle, and posterior branches – lingual surfaces by the nasopalatine and greater palatine nerves
• Mediates the sneeze reflex


o Mandibular Division (V3)
 Foramen ovale
 Motor fibers to:
• Tensor veli palatini
• Tensor tympani
• Muscles of mastication (nerves same names)
• Anterior digastric
• Mylohyoid muscle (mylohyoid nerve  branch of Inferior alveolar nerve)
• Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to submandibular gland (via the Chorda Tympani  lingual nerve)
 Sensory fibers to:
• Jaw
• Mandibular teeth – via inferior alveolar branch of V3
• Mandibular gingival – labial or buccal surface via the buccal (posterior) and mental (anterior) nerves – lingual surface via the lingual nerve
• Note the buccal nerve penetrates the buccinator
• Anterior 2/3rds of tongue (taste fibers via the Chorda Tympani  lingual nerve)
• sensory to the TMJ (Auriculotemporal branch)

• Abducens Nerve

o The abducens nerve originates from neuronal cell bodies located in the ventral pons. These cells give rise to axons that course ventrally and exit the brain at the junction of the pons and the pyramid of the medulla. The nerve of each side then travels anteriorly where it pierces the dura lateral to the dorsum sellae. The nerve continues forward and bends over the ridge of the petrous part of the temporal bone and enters the cavernous sinus. The nerve passes lateral to the carotid artery prior to entering superior orbital fissure. The abducens nerve passes through the common tendonous ring of the four rectus muscles and then enters the deep surface of the lateral rectus muscle. The function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye. The abducens nerve in humans is solely and somatomotor nerve.

• CN VII. Facial Nerve

The facial nerve is mixed nerve containing both sensory and motor components. The nerve emanates from the brain stem at the ventral part of the pontomedullary junction. The nerve enters the internal auditory meatus where the sensory part of the nerve forms the geniculate ganglion. In the internal auditory meatus is where the greater petrosal nerve branches from the facial nerve. The facial nerve continues in the facial canal where the chorda tympani branches from it the facial nerve leaves the skull via the styolomastoid foramen. The chorda tympani passes through the petrotympanic fissure before entering the infratemporal fossae. The main body of the facial nerve is somatomotor and supplies the muscles of facial expression. The somatomotor component originates from neurons in the facial motor nucleus located in the ventral pons. The visceral motor or autonomic (parasympathetic) part of the facial nerve is carried by the greater petrosal nerve. The greater petrosal nerve leaves the internal auditory meatus via the hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve (Preganglionic parasympathetic) which is found on the anterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone in the middle cranial fossa. The greater petrosal nerve passes forward across the foramen lacerum where it is joined by the deep petrosal nerve (postganglionic sympathetic from superior cervical ganglion). Together these two nerves enter the pterygoid canal as the nerve of the pterygoid canal (Vidian Nerve). The greater petrosal nerve exits the canal with the deep petrosal nerve and synapses in the pterygopalatine ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa.

• The ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities. The other parasympathetic part of the facial nerve travel with the chorda tympani which joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa. They travel with lingual nerve prior to synapsing in the submandibular ganglion which is located in the lateral floor of the oral cavity. The submandibular ganglion originates nerve fibers that innervate the submandibular and sublingual glands. The visceral motor components of the facial nerve originate in the lacrimal or superior salivatory nucleus. The nerve fibers exit the brainstem via the nervus intermedius. (The nervus intermedius is so called because of its intermediate location between the eighth cranial nerve and the somatomotor part of the facial nerve just prior to entering the brain).

• There are two sensory (special and general) components of facial nerve both of which originate from cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion. The special sensory component carries information from the taste buds in the tongue and travel in the chorda tympani. The general sensory component conducts sensation from skin in the external auditory meatus, a small area behind the ear, and external surface of the tympanic membrane. These sensory components are connected with cells in the geniculate ganglion. Both the general and visceral sensory components travel into the brain with nervus intermedius part of the facial nerve. The general sensory component enters the brainstem and eventually synapses in the spinal part of trigeminal nucleus. The special sensory or taste fibers enter the brainstem and terminate in the gustatory nucleus which is a rostral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract.

• CN VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve

The vestibulocochlear nerve is a sensory nerve that conducts two special senses: hearing (audition) and balance (vestibular). The receptor cells for these special senses are located in the membranous labyrinth which is embedded in the petrous part of the temporal bone. There are two specialized organs in the bony labyrinth, the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus. The cochlear duct is the organ that is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea. This ultimately causes movement of hair cells which activate the auditory part of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The vestibular apparatus is the organ that senses head position changes relative to gravity. Movement causes fluid vibration resulting in hair cell displacement that activates the vestibular part of the eighth nerve. The peripheral parts of the eighth nerve travel a short distance to nerve cell bodies at the base of the corresponding sense organs. From these peripheral sensory nerve cells the central part of the nerve then travels through the internal auditory meatus with the facial nerve. The eighth nerve enters the brain stem at the junction of the pons and medulla lateral to the facial nerve. The auditory component of the eighth nerve terminates in a sensory nucleus called the cochlear nucleus which is located at the junction of the pons and medulla. The vestibular part of the eight nerve ends in the vestibular nuclear complex located in the floor of the fourth ventricle.

CN IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve

The glossopharyngeal nerve as its name suggests is related to the tongue and the pharynx. The ninth cranial nerve exits the brain stem as a the most rostral of a series of nerve rootlets that protrude between the olive and inferior cerebellar peduncle. These nerve rootlets come together to form the ninth cranial nerve and leave the skull through the jugular foramen. The tympanic nerve is a branch that is occurs prior to exit the skull. The visceromotor or parasympathetic part of the ninth nerve originate in the inferior salivatory nucleus. Nerve fibers from this nucleus join the other components of the ninth nerve during their exit from the brain stem. They branch in the cranium as the tympanic nerve. The tympanic nerve exits the jugular foramen and passes by the inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion. It re-enters the skull through the inferior tympanic canaliculus and reaches the tympanic cavity where it forms a plexus in the middle ear cavity. The nerve travels from this plexus through a canal and out into the middle cranial fossa adjacent to the exit of the greater petrosal nerve. It is here the nerve becomes the lesser petrosal nerve. The lesser petrosal nerve exits the cranium via the foramen ovali and synapses in the otic ganglion. The otic ganglion provides nerve fibers that innervate and control the parotid gland, an important salivary gland. The branchial motor component supplies the stylopharyngeas muscle which elevates the pharynx during swallowing and talking. In the jugular foramen are two sensory ganglion connected to the ninth cranial nerve: the superior and inferior glossopharyngeal ganglia. General sensory components from the skin of the external ear, inner surface of the tympanic membrane, posterior one-third of the tongue and the upper pharynx join either the superior or inferior glossopharyngeal ganglia. The ganglia send central processes into the brain stem which terminate in the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Visceral sensory nerve fibers originate from the carotid body (oxygen tension measurement) and carotid sinus (blood pressure changes). The visceral sensory nerve components connect to the inferior glossopharngeal ganglion. The central process extend from the ganglion and enter the brain stem to terminate in the nucleus solitarius. Taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue travels via nerve fibers that enter the inferior glossopharnygeal ganglion. The central process that carry this special sense travel through the jugular foramen and enter the brain stem. They terminate in the rostral part of the nucleus solitarius (gustatory nucleus).


CN X. Vagus Nerve.

The vagus nerve is the longest of the cranial nerve. Its name is derived from Latin meaning "wandering". True to its name the vagus nerve wanders from the brain stem through organs in the neck, thorax and abdomen. The nerve exits the brain stem through rootlets in the medulla that are caudal to the rootlets for the ninth cranial nerve. The rootlets form the tenth cranial nerve and exit the cranium via the jugular foramen. Similar to the ninth cranial nerve there are two sensory ganglia associated with the vagus nerve. They are the superior and inferior vagal ganglia. The branchial motor component of the vagus nerve originates in the medulla in the nucleus ambiguus. The nucleus ambiguus contributes to the vagus nerve as three major branches which leave the nerve distal to the jugular foramen. The pharyngeal branch travels between the internal and external carotid arteries and enters the pharynx at the upper border of the middle constrictor muscle. It supplies the all the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate except the stylopharyngeas and tensor palati. These include the three constrictor muscles, levator veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and palatoglossal muscles. The superior laryngeal nerve branches distal to the pharyngeal branch and descends lateral to the pharynx. It divides into an internal and external branch. The internal branch is purely sensory and will be discussed later. The external branch travel to the cricothyroid muscle which it supplies. The third branch is the recurrent branch of the vagus nerve and it travels a different path on the left and right sides of the body. On the right side the recurrent branch leave the vagus anterior to the subclavian artery and wraps back around the artery to ascend posterior to it. The right recurrent branch ascends to a groove between the trachea and esophagus. The left recurrent branch leaves the vagus nerve on the aortic arch and loops posterior to the arch to ascend through the superior mediastinum. The left recurrent branch ascends along a groove between the esophagus and trachea. Both recurrent branches enter the larynx below the inferior constrictor and supply intrinsic muscles of larynx excluding the cricothyroid. The visceromotor or parasympathetic component of the vagus nerve originates from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the dorsal medulla. These cells give rise to axons that travel in the vagus nerve. The visceromotor part of the vagus innervates ganglionic neurons which are located in or adjacent to each target organ. The target organs in the head-neck include glands of the pharynx and larynx (via the pharyngeal and internal branches). In the thorax branches go to the lungs for bronchoconstriction, the esophagus for peristalsis and the heart for slowing of heart rate. In the abdomen branches enter the stomach, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine and colon for secretion and constriction of smooth muscle. The viscerosensory component of the vagus are derived from nerves that have receptors in the abdominal viscera, esophagus, heart and aortic arch, lungs, bronchia and trachea. Nerves in the abdomen and thorax join the left and right vagus nerves to ascend beside the left and right common carotid arteries. Sensation from the mucous membranes of the epiglottis, base of the tongue, aryepiglottic folds and the upper larynx travel via the internal laryngeal nerve. Sensation below the vocal folds of the larynx is carried by the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The cell bodies that give rise to the peripheral processes of the visceral sensory nerves of the vagus are located in the inferior vagal ganglion. The central process exits the ganglion and enters the brain stem to terminate in the nucleus solitarius. The general sensory components of the tenth cranial nerve conduct sensation from the larynx, pharynx, skin the external ear and external auditory canal, external surface of the tympanic membrane, and the meninges of the posterior cranial fossa. Sensation from the larynx travels via the recurrent laryngeal and internal branches of the vagus to reach the inferior vagal ganglion. Sensory nerve fibers from the skin and tympanic membrane travel with auricular branch of the vagus to reach the superior vagal ganglion. The central processes from both ganglia enter the medulla and terminate in the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract.

CN XI. Spinal Accessory Nerve

The spinal accessory nerve originates from neuronal cell bodies located in the cervical spinal cord and caudal medulla. Most are located in the spinal cord and ascend through the foramen magnum and exit the cranium through the jugular foramen. They are branchiomotor in function and innervate the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles in the neck and back. The cranial root of the accessory nerve originates from cells located in the caudal medulla. They are found in the nucleus ambiguus and leave the brainstem with the fibers of the vagus nerve. They join the spinal root to exit the jugular foramen. They rejoin the vagus nerve and distribute to the same targets as the vagus. Most consider the cranial part of the eleventh cranial nerve to be functionally part of the vagus nerve.

CN XII. Hypoglossal Nerve

The hypoglossal nerve as the name indicates can be found below the tongue. It is a somatomotor nerve that innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. The neuronal cell bodies that originate the hypoglossal nerve are found in the dorsal medulla of the brain stem in the hypoglossal nucleus. This nucleus gives rise to axons that exit as rootlets that emerge in the ventrolateral sulcus of the medulla between the olive and pyramid. The rootlets come together to form the hypoglossal nerve and exit the cranium via the hypoglossal canal. The nerve passes laterally and inferiorly between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein. The twelfth cranial nerve travels lateral to the bifurcation of the common carotid and loops anteriorly above the greater horn of the hyoid bone to run on the lateral surface of the hyoglossus muscle. It then travels above the edge of the mylohyoid muscle. The hypoglossal nerve then separates into branches that supply the intrinsic muscles and three of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

[Thanks for that it was really helpful

I have a few questions about Dental anatomy and hope that u will help:

1-On the non-working side in an ideal occlusion,interfering contacts on posterior teeth will be located on which inclines of which cusps?

A-outer guiding
B-inner guiding
C-outer supporting
D-inner supporting


2-In an acquired class III crossbite relationship,as the mandible retrudes,the maxillary lateral incisor contacts which of the following teeth?

A-central incisor
B-lateral incisor
C-central and lateral incisors
D-canine and lateral incisors

and can you just explain to me about classes of crossbite relationship,i dont underestand it !

3-which of the following ligaments has an outer oblique portion which limits the extent of jaw opening and initiates translation of the condyle down the articular eminence?

A-capsular
B-collateral
C-stylomandibular
D-temporomandibular

thanks in advance

nobody answers me?!!!!!!! :(
please answer to my dental anatomy questions
thanks

nobody answers me?!!!!!!! :(
please answer to my dental anatomy questions
thanks
1 ans-d non working contacts occur on d of max, m of mand and inner of supp
2 ans-d mand in cl3 when retrudes,the rel wud be same as of cl1 (the other malocclusion r well explained in decks & kap)
3 ans-d (the ques itself explains) tmligament is directed obliquely downward & backward to insert on post border & lat surf of neck of condyle & is the principal liga which initiates translation and limit the extent of jaw opening. the other are accesay stylo and spheno which limit max opening and collateral (med and lat)which stabilize disc on top of condyle.

1 ans-d non working contacts occur on d of max, m of mand and inner of supp
2 ans-d mand in cl3 when retrudes,the rel wud be same as of cl1 (the other malocclusion r well explained in decks & kap)
3 ans-d (the ques itself explains) tmligament is directed obliquely downward & backward to insert on post border & lat surf of neck of condyle & is the principal liga which initiates translation and limit the extent of jaw opening. the other are accesay stylo and spheno which limit max opening and collateral (med and lat)which stabilize disc on top of condyle.

thanks ndbe@hotmail and good luck :luck:

Hey,
c I'm here, anyways,
1 - D , In a R working movement, the L side is non working, on thi side the supporting B mand cusps will move r towards and across the max P supporting cusps. the inner surface of these supporting cusps usually clear without interference, however an unusually high inner surface on either of these cusps will cause interference. guiding cuspsare not invovled whatsoever in the non working side.
2- D , in class III crossbite the mand teeth r protruded beyond the max teeth , if the mand is retruded then their L surfaces will contact the F surfaces of max teeth , since mand teeth r narrower, the mand central contacts only the wider max central.the mand lateral will contact both the distal part of the max central and the mesial of the max lateral. the mand k9 will contact the distal part of the max lateral and the mesial of the max k9.
3- D, the temperomandibular ligament ( lateral ) reinforces the lateral aspect of the joint , its other functions are limiting amount of retrusion, initiating the downward movement of condly.
good luck

Hi,
Which primary tooth bears least resemblance to any other tooth primary or permanent?

Is it the primary mandibular first molar or primary maxillary first molar.
Primary mandibular 1st molar

Hey,
c I'm here, anyways,
1 - D , In a R working movement, the L side is non working, on thi side the supporting B mand cusps will move r towards and across the max P supporting cusps. the inner surface of these supporting cusps usually clear without interference, however an unusually high inner surface on either of these cusps will cause interference. guiding cuspsare not invovled whatsoever in the non working side.
2- D , in class III crossbite the mand teeth r protruded beyond the max teeth , if the mand is retruded then their L surfaces will contact the F surfaces of max teeth , since mand teeth r narrower, the mand central contacts only the wider max central.the mand lateral will contact both the distal part of the max central and the mesial of the max lateral. the mand k9 will contact the distal part of the max lateral and the mesial of the max k9.
3- D, the temperomandibular ligament ( lateral ) reinforces the lateral aspect of the joint , its other functions are limiting amount of retrusion, initiating the downward movement of condly.
good luck

thanks :idea: :clap:

Hey,
thanx reina, u also asked about cross bites, here is what I know, hope it helps,

*Anterior cross bite: the maxillary incisors r lingual 2 the opposing mand incisors.
*Posterior cross bite: the primary or permanent max posterior teeth r lingual to mand teeth.
*Edge to edge: incisal surfaces of the max anterior teeth meet the incisal surfaces of the mand anterior teeth.

good luck

Hi all
I am preparing for my board exams next month (a weird time I know but I am planning on taking the computer based exam and am applying only to the east coast)and as I was doing DA I came across this question asking which 3 teeth in are so placed in the arch that a st line can be drawn thru their contact areas in normal alignment when viewed occlusaly.....

I always thought the ans to that was max 2nd PM n the max molars....the ans here is mand 2nd PM and mand molars.....is that right

wud be helpful if someone cud answer me....
thanks

Hi all
I am preparing for my board exams next month (a weird time I know but I am planning on taking the computer based exam and am applying only to the east coast)and as I was doing DA I came across this question asking which 3 teeth in are so placed in the arch that a st line can be drawn thru their contact areas in normal alignment when viewed occlusaly.....

I always thought the ans to that was max 2nd PM n the max molars....the ans here is mand 2nd PM and mand molars.....is that right

wud be helpful if someone cud answer me....
thanks
The ans "mand 2nd PM and mand molars".....is right,you can look at the diagram in Wheeler's or any DA book.

hello
thanks for the reply and yes you are right....it was just one of those mis conceptions I guess.....did refer the book and figured it out....but thanks for taking the time out to reply

lucnav :)

i cannot understand this question Please help.
The dryopithecus pattern up most clearly in the mandibilar first molar.
can somone please explain how? and what is dryopithecus,thecodont,haplodont,acrodont. :confused:
thanks in advance.

i cannot understand this question Please help.
The dryopithecus pattern up most clearly in the mandibilar first molar.
can somone please explain how? and what is dryopithecus,thecodont,haplodont,acrodont. :confused:
thanks in advance.
dryopithecus patt.-ML CUSP MEETS TRIANGULAR RIDGE OF DB AT FLOOR OF CENTAL FOSSA SEEN 90% IN MAND 1 MOLAR 5%IN 3 MOLAR ALSO DECIDUOUS 2 MOLAR.
THECODONT -HAVING TEETH IN SOCKET
HAPLODONT-SINGLE CROWN SINGLE ROOT OR MOLAR WITHOUT CUSP OR RIDGE
ACRODONT-BIG CROWN ??NOT SURE

acrodont= teeth fused to the jaw.
hope this helps!

Thank you mallika. I really appreciate it. Thankyou very much


acrodont= teeth fused to the jaw.
hope this helps!

hi can any one tell me -----
when there is difficulty in swallowing which nerves should be tested???
1-glossopharyngeal and vagus.
2-splacnic and vagus.


thanx!

the answer is vagus & glossopharyngeal!
hi can any one tell me -----
when there is difficulty in swallowing which nerves should be tested???
1-glossopharyngeal and vagus.
2-splacnic and vagus.


thanx!

thanx ,but after putting the question here i did some home work on it my self and u know what the correct answer is splancnic and vagus.
and the reason for it is connected to the embryological development of esophagus .

no,the answer is vagus&glossopharyngeal!refer BRS PHYSIOLOGY BY COSTANZO.u shall get the answer!
thanx ,but after putting the question here i did some home work on it my self and u know what the correct answer is splancnic and vagus.
and the reason for it is connected to the embryological development of esophagus .

hi u know what when i first read the question i ticked glossopharyngeal and vagus but in the kaplan q bank there is a question ----
1- If a person has normal musculature ,but has difficulty in swallowing ,which nerves shopuld be tested ?
a-hypoglassal and phrenic
b- hypoglossal and splachnic
c-glossopharyngeal and vagus
d- phrenic and vagus
e-splanchnic and vagus

and they have given the answer as ------- e
and the explanation is------the upper 2/3 of the esophagus contains striated muscle.it is derived from the pharyngeal arches and innervated by the vagus .the lower 1/3 contains amooth muscle from the splanchnic mesoderm and is innervated by the splanchnic plexus .

when i read this i had more confusion than ever .please explain !

hi u know what when i first read the question i ticked glossopharyngeal and vagus but in the kaplan q bank there is a question ----
1- If a person has normal musculature ,but has difficulty in swallowing ,which nerves shopuld be tested ?
a-hypoglassal and phrenic
b- hypoglossal and splachnic
c-glossopharyngeal and vagus
d- phrenic and vagus
e-splanchnic and vagus

and they have given the answer as ------- e
and the explanation is------the upper 2/3 of the esophagus contains striated muscle.it is derived from the pharyngeal arches and innervated by the vagus .the lower 1/3 contains amooth muscle from the splanchnic mesoderm and is innervated by the splanchnic plexus .

when i read this i had more confusion than ever .please explain !

Now you will need only two things to master DAO:

1)The decks....I have been refering the 2001 version.So that will be good enough.

2)The ASDA reprints......the ones I have are till 1996


So lets start with the topic about which I did not know ANYTHING till I started studing for my boards.And I used to go crazy trying to figure them out.

Mandibular Movements

Now basically there are only 2 movements....
A)The Functional Mandibular Lateral Excursion.
B)Mandibular Protrusion.

But since the mandible is a bilateral joint,there are two sides to consider in the lateral movement.

1)the working side:this is the side to which the mandible is moving.

2)Non-working side:The other side.....thats the side from which the mandible is moving away from.

How do you determine which is the working side and the non-working side looking at the arrows on the text?

SIMPLE!

When the arrow is exactly horizontal......pointing towards the lingual on mandibular and buccal on the maxillary teeth it is a WORKING SIDE MOVEMENT!

Now I am sure all of you will be able to determine the side looking at the occlusal surfaces of the teeth shown.

So when there is a Horizontal arrow that is a working side movement of the same side.

1)Imagine a diagram showing the occlusal surfaces of the lower right posteriors.The arrow is exactly straight pointing towards the lingual,then the movement is a working side movement to the right side.

2)When the occlusal surfaces of the upper left posteriors is shown with the arrows pointing to the buccal, its a working side movement to the left.

As simple as that!

Now in case of the non-working side movements,the arrow is obliquely directed.

The Mandibular cusps move mesially and lingually and the Maxillary teeth move distally and facially.

So if u have the occlusal surfaces of the lower right posteriors with the arrow pointing distofacially its a non-working side movement to the right(see 1 above)

and similarly if you have the occlusal surfaces of the upper right posteriors with the arrow pointing to the mesiolingually its the non-working side movement to the left....see 2 above!

Remember the arrows do not depict the movement of the cusps shown.They indicate the direction the occluding cusps move in the respective movement

so in 1 even though u have the lower right teeth shown with the arrow pointing to the lingual, it does not mean that the lower teeth are moving lingually.It means that the occluding teeth, viz. the upper right teeth are moving lingually against the lower teeth.

The protrisive movement is very easy to understand, as there is no working and non-working side confusion here.

just remember the direction of the arrow on the respective teeth.....it will point anteriorly on the maxillary and posteriorly on the mandibular teeth.

VERY ZIMBLE.......as my mallu geography teacher would have said it.

so now I would like you all to get out your reprints first, read only the questions with the occlusal surfaces of teeth and arrows on them.....and try to solve them using this key which I have given.You all have to get them right.

a very simple way to do it is to make a chart in the following format

Direction of arrow on the working side as shown on following teeth:

1)maxillary 2)Mandibular

buccally lingually

and draw diagrams showing the movement and direction of movement of cusps.

do the same thing for the non working side....and put it up on the mirror......you will surely master this aspect within a week,unless you are bald....in which case you have to put it somewhere u will see it the most......

There is a lateral-protrusive movement, but I think there is only one question showing this movement so I will not include this here as it is very confusing and not too important.

hope I have not bored you all with this.

Please let me know what you feel about my tutorial, whether it has helped you in any way and whether you would like me to make any changes in the next one....

happy mandibular movements!
yep hi,
its really a good lecture.helped me a lot.hopin the same with everybody.
3 cheers.gr8 job

[QUOTE=drniralp]hi guys i m giving my part i in august and i just came across this thread since i didnot have a computer couldnot much access to this site anyway i just went through the tutorials of gpg i thought it was awesome but i had one doubt regarding the movements of cusps during non-working movements for eg
in an ideal intercuspal position, when the mandible makes a right lateral excursion, mesiolingual cusp of permanent maxillary right first molar opposes the
1. sulcus bet mesiofacial and distofacial cusps of mandi first molar
2 sulcus bet distofacial and distal cusps of mandi first molar
3. embrassure bet mandi first molar and mandi second pre molar
4. sulcis bet lingual cusps of mandi first molar
5. embrassure bet mandi first and second molar
i m very confused regarding such movement like when maxi or mandi teeth move in lateral movements which cusps which contact or pass bet which teeth , which is the best way to determine such things.
any help is appreciated i m very confused. :[/QUOTE
i think the ans to this is 3

When the mandible moves to the right side , both the maxillary and the mandibular right would be the working side. The other side ( left) would be the non working side. In an ideal intercuspal postion the mesiolingual cusp which is the supporting cusps of the maxillary 1 molar opposes the central fossa of the mandibular 1 molar . When the mandible moves to the right ( right working ) the mesiofacial cusp of the max 1 molar passes through the groove between the lingual cusps of the mandibular 1 molar and the mesiofacial cusp of max 2 molar passes through the facial groove of the mand 2 molar. I am not quite sure how the mesiolingual cusp of the max 1 molar would behave in this situation.????
Hope this helps!




[QUOTE=drniralp]hi guys i m giving my part i in august and i just came across this thread since i didnot have a computer couldnot much access to this site anyway i just went through the tutorials of gpg i thought it was awesome but i had one doubt regarding the movements of cusps during non-working movements for eg
in an ideal intercuspal position, when the mandible makes a right lateral excursion, mesiolingual cusp of permanent maxillary right first molar opposes the
1. sulcus bet mesiofacial and distofacial cusps of mandi first molar
2 sulcus bet distofacial and distal cusps of mandi first molar
3. embrassure bet mandi first molar and mandi second pre molar
4. sulcis bet lingual cusps of mandi first molar
5. embrassure bet mandi first and second molar
i m very confused regarding such movement like when maxi or mandi teeth move in lateral movements which cusps which contact or pass bet which teeth , which is the best way to determine such things.
any help is appreciated i m very confused. :[/QUOTE
i think the ans to this is 3

[QUOTE=drniralp]hi guys i m giving my part i in august and i just came across this thread since i didnot have a computer couldnot much access to this site anyway i just went through the tutorials of gpg i thought it was awesome but i had one doubt regarding the movements of cusps during non-working movements for eg
in an ideal intercuspal position, when the mandible makes a right lateral excursion, mesiolingual cusp of permanent maxillary right first molar opposes the
1. sulcus bet mesiofacial and distofacial cusps of mandi first molar
2 sulcus bet distofacial and distal cusps of mandi first molar
3. embrassure bet mandi first molar and mandi second pre molar
4. sulcis bet lingual cusps of mandi first molar
5. embrassure bet mandi first and second molar
i m very confused regarding such movement like when maxi or mandi teeth move in lateral movements which cusps which contact or pass bet which teeth , which is the best way to determine such things.
any help is appreciated i m very confused. :[/QUOTE
i think the ans to this is 3
i think ans is 2

you are right - even the oblique ridge of maxillary 1 molar would lie or pass through the sulcul between distofacial and distal cusp of mandibular I molar. Am I right about this
i think ans is 2[/QUOTE]

All subject related ( NDB1,NDB2, NBDE) info can be shared here.

This thread is exclusively for users who want to help others by explaining a certain topic of interest, post mnemonic's or questions ( please include answers too) and for deliberating academically informative information.

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( suggestions and opinions on how to improve and modify this thread are welcome)

I think we often get confused between the terms depolarization,repolarization,these kind of terms.
Well,one way to remember this is ,during
*re*polarization,the ventricles *re*lax,so this has to happen during diastole.

which college did u graduate from Georgian??

hi
how r u ??how is ur prepartn for joining the school i got rejectn lettr from upenn and expectng same from boston.my sruggle is not over yet keep in touch i will have to give canadian exam no other option for me.Can u guide me for HARP in Canada.
with thanks and regards

Hi... may i know what's HARP...

hii im stuying in first year of my dental course n having a problem to decide which book to refer.plz guide me :o

i am a first timer...please help me understand the way the whole nervous system works...specifically what preganglionic-postganglionic means...thanx

Answer is 4.
when the mandible move to the right the mesiolingual cusp of the max first molar will move b/w the lingual cusps of the mandi first molar.
[QUOTE=drniralp]hi guys i m giving my part i in august and i just came across this thread since i didnot have a computer couldnot much access to this site anyway i just went through the tutorials of gpg i thought it was awesome but i had one doubt regarding the movements of cusps during non-working movements for eg
in an ideal intercuspal position, when the mandible makes a right lateral excursion, mesiolingual cusp of permanent maxillary right first molar opposes the
1. sulcus bet mesiofacial and distofacial cusps of mandi first molar
2 sulcus bet distofacial and distal cusps of mandi first molar
3. embrassure bet mandi first molar and mandi second pre molar
4. sulcis bet lingual cusps of mandi first molar
5. embrassure bet mandi first and second molar
i m very confused regarding such movement like when maxi or mandi teeth move in lateral movements which cusps which contact or pass bet which teeth , which is the best way to determine such things.
any help is appreciated i m very confused. :[/QUOTE
i think the ans to this is 3

how do u calculate the no of H ions in urine ,which has a ph 5.7? :confused:

how do u calculate the no of H ions in urine ,which has a ph 5.7? :confused:


pH=-log[H+]
[H+]= antilog –pH or 10-pH
So the answer will be 10-5.7mol/L

You will need a sci calculator or a log book for the exact answer which I don't have. Pls teach me if anybody knows the way without using these? good luck

hi ..im a new member.i have a quick question regarding prostho.
where is the finish line located if their is a gum recession?pls help anyone.thanks :)

where is the finishing line located in a tooth reduction for a crown if their is a gum recession...................

hi everyone, i am new to this forum but have been visiting it since long. its really appreciable that people help each other so generously. i am writing nbde 1 in about 3 weeks of time. can u gus help me out with some questions..here they are

Culture with Y or H shaped filament organism would be?

The respiratory quotient for a person taking pure glucose as food source is how much?

Manifestation of neurofibroma I ?

Where the ulnar nerve is easily injured?

What's posterior to azygos vein?

Nerve supply to facial mucosa of lower ant. teeth

Nerve supply to facial mucosa of mandibular posterior teeth

Fluorodeoxyuridine inhibits what?

If mandibular canine on right side is lost,how does it affect protrusive contacts on the left canine?

Organism tested routinely by sanitation inspecitions for purity levels. in water

what is the TH1 and TH2 markers in lymphocytes?

What structure causes the buccal vestibule to decrease in size when the jaw is opened wide: Condyle, coronoid/hamular/ styloid process??

Osteocytic osteolysis

Whats the use of statistics of mortality of dis. cancer more than aids in usa?

Patient having normal glucose metabolism. whats the vCO2\ v O2?

CA. OF BREAST

Bacteria that causes green pus?

Oncofetal antigens?

Calculation of H+ concentration from given pH

CARCINOMA OF THYROID IS COMMON IN ?

genomic library

PAPILLOMA VIRUS 13.16- DISEASE THEY CAUSE?

What syndrome is characterized by, increased succeptibility to infection, retinal something?

A. Gardner sydrome
B. Hypothyrodism
C. Hypopitutaryism
D. Hyperthyrodism....

What characterizes Albers-Jeheurs syndrome?

As i said i am new to this forum i dont know where to post this thread, if you ppl see it over here pls reply

thanx

Hey, I'm Studying From The Kaplan Review Book And From The Asda Released Tests, Is This Enough? Are The Decks Really Necessary?

Any Colombian Dentist Out There Trying To Pass The Boards?!

ok guyz... i am feeling absolutely dumb here... i m new... can anybody tel me hot do i start from the start for NDBE 1?

hi
could some one please tell me if it is necessary to study protein purification and structural analysis?(biochem)
it seems so daunting!!
ksr

Culture with Y or H shaped filament organism would be?

The respiratory quotient for a person taking pure glucose as food source is how much?
1

Manifestation of neurofibroma I ?
oral mucosa pigmentation

Organism tested routinely by sanitation inspecitions for purity levels. in water
E. coli

what is the TH1 and TH2 markers in lymphocytes?
TH1: INF gamma, IL1
TH2: IL2, IL4, IL10

Bacteria that causes green pus?
pseudomonas

Calculation of H+ concentration from given pH
pH=14
pH= acid + base (H+)------>
H+ = pH - acid

genomic library

PAPILLOMA VIRUS 13.16- DISEASE THEY CAUSE?
cervical ca

What characterizes Albers-Jeheurs syndrome?
oral manifestations

Calculation of H+ concentration from given pH
pH=14
pH= acid + base (H+)------>
[COLOR=Purple]H+ = pH - acid[/COLO




how do u calculate h+ ion concentration by a give ph of 5.7 using the above equation?

would u plz me
thanks in advance
rocknsun

Get answers to your tricky NBDE questions at

www.nbdeanswers.com (http://www.nbdeanswers.com/forum.html)

Get answers to your tricky NBDE questions at

www.nbdeanswers.com (http://www.nbdeanswers.com/forum.html)


hi galvanic,


could not open the site .


rocknsun

www.nbdeanswers.com/forums.html

hi everyone
i had a question about parathyroid hormone,
it causes a reabsorbtion of calcium from the kidneys right?
then is it true that in cases of hyperparathyroidism there is increased renal calcium excretion?
i would appreciaite an explanation!
thanx
ksr

hi everyone
what is the correct answer to the question? and why?
1.The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin:
a. is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen? or
b. decreases if Pco2 increases?
the answer in 2006 decks from kaplan is written as B.
but that means that the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is not proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen?
how is that possible?
could some one please explain?
thanx
ksr

hi everyone
what is the correct answer to the question? and why?
1.The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin:
a. is directly proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen? or
b. decreases if Pco2 increases?
the answer in 2006 decks from kaplan is written as B.
but that means that the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin is not proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen?
how is that possible?
could some one please explain?
thanx
ksr



co2 has more affinity towards hb than does o2. and hence when there is rise in pco2 and a fall in po2 then hb will bind more to pco2 than po2.
hope you understand

hi everyone
i had a question about parathyroid hormone,
it causes a reabsorbtion of calcium from the kidneys right?
then is it true that in cases of hyperparathyroidism there is increased renal calcium excretion?
i would appreciaite an explanation!
thanx
ksr


in normal state pth causes renal reabsorption of ca.
but you are talking about hyperparathyroidism. its not a normal state. so during this condition there is excess hence the kidneys are going to excrete it because of the constant high levels of ca in blood
hope you understand my explanation

in normal state pth causes renal reabsorption of ca.
but you are talking about hyperparathyroidism. its not a normal state. so during this condition there is excess hence the kidneys are going to excrete it because of the constant high levels of ca in blood
hope you understand my explanation
Hyperparathyroidism is overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Increased PTH consequently leads to increased serum calcium (hypercalcemia) due to 1) increased bone resorption, allowing flow of calcium from bone to blood, 2) reduces renal clearance of calcium, and 3) increases intestinal calcium absorption.
The excretion of Ca through the kidneys decreases which is one of the causes for hypercalcemia.

hi tammanna
thanx for the answers
could you please tell me where you read about the affinity of co2 being more than that of o2 for hemoglobin?
thanx a lot
ksr

Hyperparathyroidism is overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Increased PTH consequently leads to increased serum calcium (hypercalcemia) due to 1) increased bone resorption, allowing flow of calcium from bone to blood, 2) reduces renal clearance of calcium, and 3) increases intestinal calcium absorption.
The excretion of Ca through the kidneys decreases which is one of the causes for hypercalcemia.


in renal clearance it is more than the usual due to the saturation of the substrates. hence the renal clearance is more than usual in hyperparathyroidism.
this is what i read. i can send you the article if you need

hi tammanna
thanx for the answers
could you please tell me where you read about the affinity of co2 being more than that of o2 for hemoglobin?
thanx a lot
ksr


kaplan book

can anybody pl tell me a way 2 remember the processess of MITOSIS N MEIOSIS without cofusion?thanx.

hi, im looking to find a study buddy/group. please email me asap jsvlad@yahoo.com thanx

Hi guys...have a doubt in the occlusion questions..when answering the arrow based questions on mandibular movemnets.how do we know whether it is a rite lateral movement or a left one ...i know that if its a straight arrow its working and an oblique is non working but i cant figure out abt the right side or left side. sorry of this question is dumb ...i read the dental anat tutorial but couldnt understand. any help on this would be great! is there any easy way to answer these occlusion questions because i know there are loads of them on the exam.

If The Arrow Points Labial Or Buccal It Is Left And If It Ponts Lingual It Is Right

hi ...thanks dentist 33 for that but when u tried answering the questions in the past papers...it doesnt come out right. inact it shows that buccal is right side and lingual is left side after seeing the answers to the arrow questions. i wonder why there is this discrepancy. sorry for the botheration.

For me I just check with the teeth and the arrows. First decide the given teeth max or man, left or right quadrant and then with the arrows we can know rt or left lateral movement. Hope I do not make more confusions for you.

hey people.

i would appriceate if some one could guide me, what materials do i need to study for NDBEpart 1. should i just rely on kaplan and bouchers,and nbde exams sets?. do i need to refer my textbooks as well? i am asking this because i have no access to dental text books..so guidance needed urgenlty. intend to give ndbe 1 in may2007

regards,
missiondds

hey people.

i would appriceate if some one could guide me, what materials do i need to study for NDBEpart 1. should i just rely on kaplan and bouchers,and nbde exams sets?. do i need to refer my textbooks as well? i am asking this because i have no access to dental text books..so guidance needed urgenlty. intend to give ndbe 1 in may2007

regards,
missiondds

try to get the dental decks .... they will be of great help.....

hi
if you have material for NDB-1, NDB-2,, please inform me,
i am planning to give it,
devangtrpatel@yahoo.com

wat coll have u graduated from devang????????????

i do have kaplan review notes and decntal decks 2004 and 2006
and few papers as well...

lemem knwo if ur interested.....

Rashi.

a few questions that i dint have answers to...maybe they're dumb but yeah i dint manage to crack them !!!

which of teh following describes innate immunity:
1.allergic reaction to insect venom
2.classical pathway of complement
3.destruction fo virus infected cells by T killer cells
4. production fo IgG in response to insect venom
5.alternative pathway of complement.


which condition causes myelin degeneration of axis cylinders of peripheral nerves:
1.lead poisoning
2. silver poisoning
3. mercury poisoning
4. bismuth poisoning
5. tetracycline poisoning

hi i think the answer for first question regarding innate immunity is alternate pathway and for second one its lead poisionong..correct me if i am wrong but i feel these are probable answers

hi i think the answer for first question regarding innate immunity is alternate pathway and for second one its lead poisionong..correct me if i am wrong but i feel these are probable answers


hi i dunno abt teh first one..maybe ur right.btu abt teh second one i've been doin some readin n have foudn otu that mercury affcets teh CNS much mroe than lead...so i guess it wudnt b wrong to assume it affceted teh PNS as well...

another one i cdunt get...

The biologically active conformation of trimeric G-proteins requires:

1.the alpha subunit to bind to GDP
2. teh alpha subunit to bind to GTP
3. teh hydrolysis of beta subunits
4. teh alpha subunit to phosphorylate downstream targets

coupled respiration requires all except one:
1.ADP
2.Oxygen
3. carbon di oxide
4.electron donor
5. INorganic phosphate

which of teh following best describes teh strength of cardaic msl contraction:
1.decreased when extracellular Ca++ increased
2.increased when extracelluler Ca++ increadsed
3.mainly regulated by vagal impulses
4.unaffected by extracellular Ca++
5.mainly regulated by heart rate

hi again

im not sure on the

The biologically active conformation of trimeric G-proteins requires:

1.the alpha subunit to bind to GDP
2. teh alpha subunit to bind to GTP
3. teh hydrolysis of beta subunits
4. teh alpha subunit to phosphorylate downstream targets


i think its the alpha subunit to bind to GTP ..

for respiration its inorganic phosphate ..correct me if i am wrong ..bye

[QUOTE=ROOPSEE;4422766]hi again

im not sure on the

The biologically active conformation of trimeric G-proteins requires:

1.the alpha subunit to bind to GDP

hi again

im not sure on them but ill try

The biologically active conformation of trimeric G-proteins requires:

1.the alpha subunit to bind to GDP
2. teh alpha subunit to bind to GTP
3. teh hydrolysis of beta subunits
4. teh alpha subunit to phosphorylate downstream targets
..
i think its the alpha subunit to bind to GTP ..


which of teh following best describes teh strength of cardaic msl contraction:
1.decreased when extracellular Ca++ increased
2.increased when extracelluler Ca++ increadsed
3.mainly regulated by vagal impulses
4.unaffected by extracellular Ca++
5.mainly regulated by heart rate

answer is 2...increased when extracellular ca++ increased

in cardiac muscle contractile force is regulated by vayin the degree to which fibres are activated..positive inotropy is related to increased availability of intra cellar ca2+...increased concentration of extracellular ca2+ causes an increase in ca2+influx during phase 2 of action potentialfor respiration its inorganic phosphate ..

correct me if i am wrong ..bye

[QUOTE=ROOPSEE;4422766]hi again

im not sure on the

The biologically active conformation of trimeric G-proteins requires:

1.the alpha subunit to bind to GDP

WHY DO U SAY ITS GDP plz support ur answer

The biologically active conformation of trimeric G-proteins requires:

1.the alpha subunit to bind to GDP
2. teh alpha subunit to bind to GTP
3. teh hydrolysis of beta subunits
4. teh alpha subunit to phosphorylate downstream targets

coupled respiration requires all except one:
1.ADP
2.Oxygen
3. carbon di oxide4.electron donor
5. INorganic phosphate

which of teh following best describes teh strength of cardaic msl contraction:
1.decreased when extracellular Ca++ increased
2.increased when extracelluler Ca++ increadsed
3.mainly regulated by vagal impulses
4.unaffected by extracellular Ca++
5.mainly regulated by heart rate

its GTP and nto GDP....they're part of second messenger systems which act by hydrolysis of GTP to GDP..so i guess GTP is teh answer....

and teh cardiac msl question had alreday been taken care of....

hi again

im not sure on the

The biologically active conformation of trimeric G-proteins requires:

1.the alpha subunit to bind to GDP
2. teh alpha subunit to bind to GTP
3. teh hydrolysis of beta subunits
4. teh alpha subunit to phosphorylate downstream targets


i think its the alpha subunit to bind to GTP ..

for respiration its inorganic phosphate ..correct me if i am wrong ..bye


inorganic phospahte is impossible...cso coupled respiration is oxygen uptake dependant on presence of ADP and phosphate...i think CO2 cud b teh answer since ist respiration and Co2 is always a product and not a requiremtn fro any respiration...wat say/? its simple logic....

its GTP and nto GDP....they're part of second messenger systems which act by hydrolysis of GTP to GDP..so i guess GTP is teh answer....

and teh cardiac msl question had alreday been taken care of....

QUOTE=rashiarora;4422824]its GTP and nto GDP....they're part of second messenger systems which act by hydrolysis of GTP to GDP..so i guess GTP is teh answer....

and teh cardiac msl question had alreday been taken care of....[/QUOTE]

yap i will always read fast and write something sorry its GTP .neurotrabsmitters when bind G proteins tranform GDP to GTP of alpha subunit .dissociaton occurs these move to ion channels and membranes enzymes such as adenylate cyclase whihc converts ATP to cyclic AMP and further CAMP depentent protein kinase activated and then finally phosphorylation hope my explanation is rt.

check thsi out...okay this time i knwo the answer but cant reason ti out....

which of teh followin gas mixtures would be most potent stimulant to teh respiraoty centre:

%02 %co2 N2

1. 20 0.5 79.5
2. 20 2.0 78
3. 18 2.0 80
4. 20 5.0 75
5. 25 3.0 72


teh answer is 4...now can someone please help me reason ti out??????

its lead .. not mercury
u ll read that lead causes .. hand and wrist drop.. n all

hey all,
I am new to this forum and new to USA as well,so please help me to find out how to start with the complete preparation........i mean EE ,toefl.......DAT........its all so confusing :confused: ......somebody please help!!!!!!!!!!
thanx.

hey all,
I am new to this forum and new to USA as well,so please help me to find out how to start with the complete preparation........i mean EE ,toefl.......DAT........its all so confusing :confused: ......somebody please help!!!!!!!!!!
thanx.



koi to bataao!!!!!!!!!!pls help!

hi ppl
hope everybody is doin gr8
i have just started preparing for my nbde part1 but i m findin it really hard to go thru all the things in a proper manner
i have a lot of stuff but i dunno how to utilize it....
like i started wid a plan to tackle decks first n then go topics wise but its not helpin me alot....
can ne1 of u help me as to how to start studies n go thru everythin on time
i'lll b so very thankful guys
peace!!

hi
it depends on wht have u studied uptil now ok?
if u r a dentist then wht u need to do at first is start preparin for ur national board dental exam part 1 tht is the most imp thing along wid tht u neeed to get ur educational credite evaluated thru ece their website is www.ece.org
u can also go to www.ada.org there u'll find everythin
but ece n nbde r very imp after takin nbde u can apply to various skools for doin dds which is mandatory for forgein trained dentists but for tht u'll b needin ur toefl scores too but all this is afterwarrds first step is a v good score in nbde 1
goodluck

Can anyone tell me what prophylaxis should be given for Endocarditis in penicillin allergic patients?

In old papers its given Erythromycin But in 2007-2008 case studies booklet its given that Erythromycin is no longer used in penicillin allergic pt due to its effect on GIT, the drug of choice is cephalexin

What is the correct ans?

Dear Parila It I Think It Should Be Cephalaxin. Pls Correct Me If I Am Wrong

All subject related ( NDB1,NDB2, NBDE) info can be shared here.

This thread is exclusively for users who want to help others by explaining a certain topic of interest, post mnemonic's or questions ( please include answers too) and for deliberating academically informative information.

Please don't post unrelated links, websites ( use the "links of interest" for this) or any other messages including words of thanks and encouragement here.


( suggestions and opinions on how to improve and modify this thread are welcome)

hi there
can someone explain me the this question
IN AN IDEAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION,WHEN THE MANDIBLE MAKES LATERAL EXCURSION,THE MESIOLINGUAL CUSP OF THE PERMANENT MAXILLARY RIGHT FIRST MOLAR OPPOSES THE........SULCUS BETWEEN THE LINGUAL CUSPS OF THE MANDIBULAR FIRST MOLAR

i want to know abt nbde.i want to know that whether i have to clear both parts for gettin admission to a dental school or i have to clear only part1.pls help.......................... All subject related ( NDB1,NDB2, NBDE) info can be shared here.

This thread is exclusively for users who want to help others by explaining a certain topic of interest, post mnemonic's or questions ( please include answers too) and for deliberating academically informative information.

Please don't post unrelated links, websites ( use the "links of interest" for this) or any other messages including words of thanks and encouragement here.


( suggestions and opinions on how to improve and modify this thread are welcome)

hi im new to this place .i have started preparing for nbde part1 xam. i stayes in north carolina charlotte. i have complited my bds in india . can u tell me from where i will get an artificial ideal denture model to study dental