I agree with your general point that more objective measures would be good and that finding out what kind of jobs graduates of a program eventually get is great to know. I remember being very frustrated that many program directors claimed not to have that information to give me when I was an interviewing applicant. I think that some of the "objective data" you list could be just as subjective as board-certified pathologists' opinions of pathology residency programs, however.
Job location - if you mean listing geographic location that graduates are practicing in, that could be helpful in the sense that medical students hoping to practice in location x could see that many graduates from program y end up there. But I don't know how that could be used to "rank" programs...I don't think that having graduates who end up practicing near their residency program vs. spread across the country could really be gauged as "better" or "worse" and if you meant to rank programs based on whether their graduates got jobs in "desirable" locations or not, that would be even MORE subjective depending upon what different individuals find desirable.
High impact research publications - as determined by what measure (publication in specific journals? number of citations?)? and by faculty of the program? or by residents? I don't think that having research powerhouse attendings necessarily always translates into better residency training, either, particularly if an applicant is not particularly interested in an academic/research-related career. It would entirely depend on whether those attendings were also good teachers, how much time they were actually on service or otherwise interacting with residents, how much mentoring/support they gave, how signout at the program was structured, etc.
Academic center after residency - similarly, I think this would be great info for applicants to have about a program, but I don't think it really applies to "ranking." I personally don't think a program is "better" if all their graduates end up in crappy "junior faculty" jobs at academic centers versus private practice gigs, but, again, this would depend on personal preference/whether an applicant thinks they want to go into academia or not.