Ok so the language here is a bit problematic. 2/5 deal with Fischer v. UT Austin which is a case explicitly about affirmative action but with intended implications for race-based admissions policies in general (
a la Bakke v. U. California System) and 1 other link is talking about Schuette v. Coalition which was also explicitly about AA but had implications for race-based admissions policies. The thing with these two cases is that the plaintiffs were suing against AA but on the grounds that race-considerate admission policies were unconstitutional. Simply, they are attacking AA by attacking the underlying premise, race-considerate admission policies.
Prop 209 in Cali is a similar deal but it is a little more involved since it removed the applicant's ability to specify race. It took the "out-of-sight-out-of-mind" route without really dealing with the underlying premise (hence why private Cali institutions can do whatever they want).
https://members.aamc.org/eweb/upload/Diversity in the Physician Workforce Facts and Figures 2010.pdf
However, in the AAMCs actual statement about its intents to diversify the physician workforce the focus is on outcomes and not simply on creating a diverse space for the sake of diversity:
"It is widely recognized within the
health professions that diversity is an
essential component for promoting
excellence in medical education
and accessible, quality health care"
^ Premise
"In
terms of
health care delivery, research
indicates that physicians from racial
and ethnic minority backgrounds are
themselves more likely to treat racial
and ethnic minority patients, and more
likely to set up practice in typically
underserved communities.(some citations) Several
major national reports also state that
a more diverse health professions
workforce is key to eliminating health
care disparities. (citations here)"
^Justification
and
"As this edition
of Facts & Figures clearly portrays, the
U.S. is still producing too few racial
and ethnic minority physicians to
assure quality health care for all."
^ Evidence