It is illegal and it is enforceable. Just because it happens all the time does not negate that. Training has to be paid. You either hire a relatively trained person if you don't want to pay to train someone with 0 experience. Or you suck it up and at least pay minimum wage for training. The law is pretty black and white about this. There is no gray zone. There is a very narrow exception for interns where specific criteria must be met, and a vast majority of these situations in vet hospitals would not. Just because someone gets experience out of it (and maybe they are even giddy about it) and they are okay with not being paid doesn't make it any more legal.
Whether people know about it, or care to report it, or are complicit to the whole situation is a whole nother story. We all complain about the ****ty pay/treatment of veterinary staff, but this is the attitude that allows it to happen. It's not okay. Clearly no one else agrees, but whatever, to each his own I guess.
Obviously we're only hearing it second hand from the OP, and it's hard to understand exactly what is going on. But if the employer truly asked him to spend an unspecified period of time to train for free, at which point he may or may not be eligible for hire, and he has proof of it, the labor board would be very interested. Of course, it doesn't make OP any more hirable.
Based on what the OP has stated, I wouldn't hire OP. He's just not very hirable, and doesn't seem to understand how vet hospitals work. But that doesn't give anyone the right to take advantage of that situation and try to get his labor for free. Even unskilled labor is worth minimum wage pay. This is not a charitable organization.
OP has choices to make. He can find a volunteer position at a nonprofit that is willing to train. Find a truly entry level position that is willing to train at whatever level (kennel, reception, assistant, whatever). Or be taken advantage of by a greedy for-profit hospital that wants illegal free labor.
Even with a NONPROFIT, where I was allowed to legally volunteer however many hours I wanted to, the second they hired me to do the same tech duties I did while volunteering, I was not allowed to volunteer at all in the vet services department. Outside my 40 hrs/wk, I was not allowed to clock out as an employee and clock in as a volunteer, no matter how much I wanted to. Because it would have been illegal for them not to pay me time and a half for that. Even with my consent.
At the three hospitals I've worked at, a shadower could come and go as they pleased (we make them tell us in advance when they'll be in, but we have no expectations for commitment). They don't do any tangible work. We still staff exactly the same as if they didn't exist. The hospital doesn't benefit from having the shadower there other than maybe some good company. If they seem like the right fit, and want them to come in at scheduled times to help out to whatever capacity they're able to while they train on actual tech duties, they get paid. This includes an awesome prevet who had no previous experience. Even our tech students who are getting the experience necessary to graduate get paid, because they fill shifts and provide us with work that we would otherwise be paying someone else for. Free labor was not a regular part of anyone getting experience at the hospitals I've worked at. This includes the horrible employer that stretched the requirements of exempt salaried employees (I.e. Associate vets) to likely illegal boundaries. Even that shady ass of an employer would not toe this line for this particular set of laws that have clear precedents (maybe not in vet med, but in many other fields). There are places that do things right...
http://www.forbes.com/sites/richard...unteers-and-interns-is-it-legal/#402b9bf52dcd
http://www.wagehourblog.com/2014/01/articles/off-the-clock/employee-training-paid-or-unpaid/
http://www.wardandsmith.com/articles/wage-hour-law-volunteers-interns
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