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Hi,
I typed up all Khan Academy video notes from psych/socio videos and I am absolutely willing to share them with you (it's about 80 pages in bullet points).
Anyone wants to share theirs on any subjects? PM me.
Thanks
Hi,
I typed up all Khan Academy video notes from psych/socio videos and I am absolutely willing to share them with you (it's about 80 pages in bullet points).
Anyone wants to share theirs on any subjects? PM me.
Thanks
Hi, would you be able to PM me as well?
I have notes on the Psychology portion of Khan Academy as well that I could send to you, as well as Biochemistry & Biology notes from Kaplan 2015 if you're interested!
Going through the Sociology videos would take me a ton of time, so this would be really helpful, and I'll be happy to return the favour!
pm me ... ju should honest just have a google doc and post link on ur post.. orsig.. or have a thread..
Hi,
I typed up all Khan Academy video notes from psych/socio videos and I am absolutely willing to share them with you (it's about 80 pages in bullet points).
Anyone wants to share theirs on any subjects? PM me.
Thanks
you are amazing! thank you so muchSorry it took so long, y'all. Have at it! I apologize for typos.
biopsychosocial model of health and illness (BPS) is a model of health an wellness —> not just organ systems; all contributing factors are important for understanding illness
Models of Social Processes
social constructionism : theory of social understanding —> jointly rationalize experiences of individuals and others into models of perceived “reality"
Assumes that:
symbolic interactionism : symbols take on shared meaning through social interactions —> important for small groups; 1 on 1 interaction; allows for smooth interaction b/c we agree on definitions and how to act toward objects, ideas and labels <— symbols
- 1) humans rationalize their social world by constructing models to explain its functions
- 2) language is most critical social system through which “realities” are constructed
functionalism : society is separated into distinct factions —> each work together like organs to maintain social equilibrium; social homeostasis
conflict theory : distinct groups/factions act according to self-interest, not societal stability —> opposite of functionalism
- actions of individuals & groups can be analyzed by determine how they affect long-term social stability
- groups have conflict when interests collide —> scarcity, political/social power
- views human interactions in terms of large scale inequality —> does not examine individual behaviors
Culture
culture : all beliefs, assumptions, objects, values, knowledge, behaviors and customs within a shared way of life (society)
material culture : objects in a society —> art, tools, products, etc.
- commonalities shared between individuals in a society
- influences the attributions people make and how they label various things
non-material culture : non-physical aspects in a society —> values, beliefs, superstitions, knowledge, assumptions, etc.
social group : subset of society which maintains some distinction —> shared experiences, values, etc. —> sense of connection and identity
symbolic culture : type of non-material culture —> elements of culture that have meaning only in the mind —> rituals & gestures
- handshakes, thumbs-up and social scripts all have meaning applied to them
Society, Systems and Structures
society : 2+ individuals living together and/or sharing aspects of culture
social institutions : hierarchies —> ascribe order to society and delegate tasks and roles to various groups; examples include:
demographics : stats quantifying subsets of a population —> age, gender, orientation, ethnicity, etc.
- government & economy
- education
- religion
- family
- health and medicine
demographic transition : change in demographics over time —> due to social, technological, health and political changes
social movement : group of people who share an ideology working toward a specific goal(s)
- population size can be affected by fertility rates, mortality and migration <— demographic transitions
urbanization : increase in % of people living in urban areas
globalization : increased amount of interaction between societies through trade & communication
Social Inequality
spacial inequality : unequal access to resources and mobility within a society or pop. —> relatively local
global inequality : unequal access to resources, healthcare, work/earning potential, etc. —> between nations/regions; GDP disparities
environmental justice : equal treatment of people regardless of race, gender, etc. for prevention and relief of environmental/health hazards
residential segregation : separation of demographic groups into different neighborhoods —> local scale
- lack of which = spacial inequality —> resource availability differs from one area to another
social class : grouping of people based on social standing —> related to status & power as well as socioeconomic status (SES)
- affects access to resources, education, enrichment, etc.
privilege : relative social power and opportunity —> related to social class
- SES —> income, wealth, occupation & education
prestige : relative value assigned to something in society —> education, occupation, spending, titles, etc. —> related to social class
upward mobility : moving up the class system —> education, marriage, career/financial success
downward mobility : opposite of upward mobility —> loss of job, underemployment, divorce, health issues, etc.
INTRAgenerational mobility : social mobility within one’s lifetime
INTERgenerational mobility : social movement made across generations
cultural capital : non-monetary social factors that contribute to mobility —> dress, accent, manners, education, cultural knowledge, etc.
social capital : social networks and connections contributing to mobility
social reproduction : inherited social inequality from one gen. to another —> perpetuates inequality and social class
social exclusion (isolation) : lack of access to opportunity —> lack of privilege
absolute poverty : lack of essential resources to maintain survival and basic comfort —> life threatening
relative poverty : social inequality —> poor relative to others in society —> poses threat to lifestyle and livelihood
health disparity : differences in healthcare and health quality between groups —> related to demographics
Classical Conditioning
- people learn what behaviors are appropriate in society and how behaviors have consequences —> conditioning = associative learning
- classical conditioning : subject responds to previously neutral stimulus through the pairing of that stimulus with a stimulus which naturally elicited that response —> period of time needed to learn = acquisition
- unconditioned stimulus : stimulus which naturally elicits unconditioned response —> i.e. food eliciting salivation
- neutral stimulus : stimulus which elicits no initial response —> a bell wouldn’t normally make a dog salivate
- conditioned stimulus : previously neutral stimulus which now elicits conditioned response —> bell now elicits salivation
- operant extinction : method of extinguishing behavior which is different from Pavlovian extinction in that a response no longer produces a consequence
- Lever press —> food —> >lever pressing……..Lever press — x —> food —> <lever pressing
- effects of extinction: extinction bursts :increases in response rate following onset of extinction…next is a rapid and steady decrease in response rate until it stops
- other behavior including increased emotional behavior, novel behavior etc.
- spontaneous recovery : recurrence of previously extinguished behavior which must be again extinguished
- resurgence : recurrence of previously extinguished behavior when reinforcers previously associated with the behavior are present in the environment
- stimulus generalization : tendency to respond identically to similar stimuli —> responding to crow call the same as to a raven call
- stimulus discrimination : learned ability to discriminate between stimuli —> responding only to raven call instead of also to crow call
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
- operant conditioning : organism becomes more or less likely to behave a certain way based on past consequences of that behavior
- reinforcement : increased likelihood of behavior through app. of reinforcer
- +ve reinforcer : pleasant stimulus —> increases likelihood of target behavior
- -ve reinforcer : removal of aversive stimulus —>increased likelihood of target behavior
- punishment : decreased likelihood of behavior through app. of punisher
- +ve punisher : introduction of aversive stimulus —> decreased likelihood of target behavior
- -ve punisher : removal of pleasant stimulus —> decreased likelihood of target behavior
- primary reinforcer : stimuli which address physiological need —> i.e. food, water, air
- secondary reinforcer : stimuli which require learning to be effective —> as effective as primary reinforcers when learned —> i.e. money, praise, prestige and good grades
- primary punisher : stimuli which relate to physiological needs —> cause pain or discomfort —> i.e. high heat or extreme cold or beatings
- secondary punisher : stimuli which must be learned to be effective —> i.e. ostracism (not really b/c of fundamental need to belong), bad grades and scolding
- escape conditioning : learning to escape unpleasant stimulus —> running into shade on hot day
- avoidance conditioning : learning to avoid coming into contact with aversive stimulus in response to preemptive stimulus —> avoiding going outside when you see the glare on the street which denotes a hot day
- reinforcement schedules : how often and how a response is reinforced —> often continuous reinforcement : each response reinforced
- partial reinforcement : responses reinforced some of the time
- fixed-ratio : reinforcer applied after specified number of responses
- variable-ratio : reinforcer applied after unpredictable number of responses —> root to gambling addiction —> very hard to extinguish
- fixed-interval : reinforcer applied after specified time interval has passed since first response
- variable-interval : reinforcer applied after unpredictable time interval has passed since first response
- shaping : reinforcement of successive approximations toward a desired behavior
- innate behaviors : developmentally fixed instincts —> influenced by physiology, genetics and species membership —> difficult or impossible to alter
- capacity to learn through associative learning is constrained by cognitive capabilities
- to an extent, our biology and genetics shape our behavioral destiny due to certain limitations and pre-set behavioral motifs
- observational learning : learning based on modeling —> watching the behavior of others and internalizing the consequences of their behavior
- generalizing observed behavior to one’s own situations
- mirror neurons : neurons which fire both when one performs and action and when one watches someone complete the same action
- allow one to experience what another is experiencing
- crucial for vicarious emotions (empathy) : ability to feel what another person feels —> learn from success and mistakes of others
Behavior in a Biological Context
- verbal and non-verbal communication are advantageous because they allow us to communicate effectively about very complex idea —> allow for quicker and more effective communication
- social behavior : all interactions taking place between members of same species —> built in need to belong —> evolutionarily advantageous
- attraction : factors which draw members of species together —> often for mating
- attachement : forming relationships between species members
- aggression : conflict between group members and between groups —> lead to struggles over resources —> winners and losers
- social support : finding help through social connections
- mating behavior : behaviors surrounding propagation of species —> heavily influenced by evolution due to importance of reproduction in that process
- mate selection : influenced by attempts to judge genetic value, overall health and potential parenting skills
- altruism : behaviors which are disadvantageous to individual carrying them out but confer benefits to group at large —> advantageous because they improve the survival of many individuals in group
- inclusive fitness : describes fitness of an individual in group context —> social factors such as altruism and social support taken into account in considering ability to pass on genes
- game theory : use of math models to represent complex decision making —> decisions of group members must be taken into account —> views social interactions a multi-player games where each player must act in a way to maximize reproductive fitness
Behavior in a Social Context
- group : set of individuals who interact and share some level of identity —> organized into larger networks and organizations (group with specific purpose)
- role : socially determined behaviors expected of certain individuals —> dependent on person’s status
- status : individual’s position in group or network —> based on experience with certain things
- self-presentation : modification of behaviors to influence how one is perceived
- impression management : consciously making behavioral choices to create specific impression
- front-stage self : how one portrays oneself in front of audience —> doctor acts professional in front of patient
- back-stage self : how one acts with group members away from audience —> doctor jokes around with colleagues in doctor’s lounge
- conformity : tendency to agree with the majority of the group —> even if one knows an opinion is wrong —> adaptive due to effect of group coherence
- humans have drive toward conformity with social norms —> lends to social coherence and stability
- groupthink : group members tend to think alike and agree for the sake of group harmony —> those with alternative or dissenting opinions may self-censor or be pressured to keep silent —> lends to illusion of group unanimity —> often mistake such agreement with being correct —> adaptive due to improved group cohesiveness and efficiency in addressing issues —> leads to obvious problems
- group polarization : attitude of group toward a particular issue becomes stronger than attitudes of its single individuals —> through discussion on issues —> ideas fostered through group think become more extreme
- peer pressure : social influence of others on people to engage in behavior similar to and accepted by a group —> connected to needs to belong and esteem
- social facilitation : tendency to perform better when one perceives they are being watched —> most effective for practiced behaviors —> opposite effect for behaviors which are new or unfamiliar
- bystander effect : failure of people in crowd to lend help to an individual due to thinking someone else will help —> diffusion of responsibility —> fewer people present, more likely a given person will help
- social loafing : decreasing intensity of work or participation with intent to let other group members work harder —> more likely when people are unaccountable for their work —> less likely when individuals perceive that others in group aren’t available, willing or able to complete work —> diffusion of responsibility
- more likely to occur if in large group —> more diffuse responsibility
- deindividualization : people loose awareness of their individuality and immerse themselves in group attitude, mood and activities —> individuals no longer feel responsible for their own behavior —> mob mentality —> feelings of anonymity in the crowd lead to behaviors otherwise off limits
Behavior in a Cultural Context
- culture influences behavioral development and group identity —> identity influences decision making —> learning what is and isn’t appropriate behavior
- socialization : how people learn about social norms, values and expectations —> begins in very early childhood and continues throughout lifetime
- social norms : social rules that members of community are expected to follow —> deviance may be met with scorn or social upheaval
- occurs through observational learning and operant conditioning —> “proper” behaviors rewarded and “improper” behaviors not rewarded/punished
- agents of socialization : groups and people who influence socialization —> include family, friends, media, social institutions and environmental interaction
- through interaction with agents, people learn what is appropriate and expected behavior through observation of other’s interactions and responses
- conformity = changes in behavior to come to parity with expectations and norms
- obedience : behavioral changes in response to command by authority figure —> relinquishing social power to avoid perceived negative consequences
- deviance = failure to comply with social norms —> leads to stigma
- assimilation : process of individual becoming a new member of a different culture —> language acquisition —> appropriation of new cultural norms and values
- subculture : group within larger culture which shares same values, customs and identify apart from umbrella culture —> Amish, runners and fandoms
- multiculturalism : result of many cultures being partially assimilated into an umbrella culture yet maintaining subcultural identities
Prejudice, Bias and Discrimination
- ethnocentrism : viewing one’s own culture as being eminently important —> judging other cultures by one’s own cultural standards —> result of strong cultural identity —> can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts
- cultural relativism : trying to honestly understand cultures within their own contexts —> opposite of ethnocentrism
- in-group : group one identifies with, supports and feels loyal to
- out-group : group one doesn’t identify with —> may feel competition or hostility toward out-group
- bias : favoring in-group and devaluing out-group —> arise from mental divisions and comparisons between in and out groups
- prejudices : strong and strict generalizations regarding members of out-groups —> underly many conflicts and antagonistic behaviors
- tied to processes that contribute to prejudice —> power, prestige, class and emotion contribute to prejudice and conflict
- stereotype : schema of particular group or category of people which believes that all members of that group have certain characteristics —> can be positive, negative or neutral —> often untrue
- stereotype threat : anxiety and resultant poor performance experienced by a person who confronts a negative stereotype about their in-group or culture
- self-fulfilling prophecies : people act is such a way as to confirm the exceptions laid out in their self-concept —> often a result of stereotype threat
- discrimination : unfair treatment of individuals based on group membership —> power, prestige and class may play a role as in prejudice
- individual discrimination : one-on-one discrimination in a specific social group or category —> man not renting out his apartment to women
- institutional discrimination : existence of policies which discriminate against certain groups of people —> church or agency not placing women in positions of authority due to official policies
Personality Theories
- personality : collection of lasting characteristic that make a person unique
- trait theory : personality consists of sets of traits —> only concerned with predicting behaviors based on personality traits, not in internal mental life
- trait : personality characteristics unique to individuals —> stable over lifetime regardless of environment
- very little personal control over personality
- traits separated into categories:
- openness to experience, contentiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (OCEAN) —> help us examine links between personality traits and health
- biological theory : genome contributes to personality —> personality traits differ due to heredity and random variation
- temperament : baseline personality we are born with —> genetically determined —> modified by environmental interaction to yield personalty
- twin studies suggest genetic elements to personality trait development and lend support to the idea of temperament
- psychoanalytical theory : personality determined by interactions of id, ego and superego —> focuses on internal processes —> very little control
- id = very basic, primitive and anti-social portion of the subconscious
- superego = socially developed portion of subconscious —> understands social mores and possesses morality
- ego = conscious intermediary between id and superego
- attempts to understand inner workings of the mind —> processes that produce behavior
- healthy personality = balance between id, ego and superego —> mental conditions are conflicts between these components
- behaviorist theory : personality is constructed through series of learning events throughout life —> very little control —> personality = behavior
- all learning theories apply here
- social cognitive theory : focuses on give and take relationship (interaction) between personal and environmental factors —> focuses on learning experiences and observable behavior but also takes into account mental life and choices —> often learn through observational learning to appropriate the experiences of others —> some control by choosing experiences
- humanistic theory : people continually seek experiences that make them better —> free will over personality development
- healthy personality = alignment of self-concept, actual self and ideal self —> distress occurs when these components differ
- situational approach to explaining behavior : personality motifs are situation dependent —> people have stable personalities due to individual’s unique interpretations of circumstances
Please can you send me?These notes are pretty great -- thanks! Once I can get my notes completed, I may share them as well. I see no harm in open-source notes.
here's a link to the psych/soc theories
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1653OPZAz7wOTunsplr_QTQNmv9fDCsKwLSLRWz74NtQ/edit