For residency the culture will vary widely depending on location, specialty, and what rotation you are on.
Scratchy throats I don't think are enough really for anything. Remember someone has to cover you, so if you are the type of person who takes out frequently it becomes a thing where you start needing to pay back. One or two times a year and (at least at my place) no one will expect this.
If there are serious bugs you are going to pass on (flu, norovirus, etc) please stay home until you are no longer contagious, but your chief residents should give you some guidance on this as well. There was just a thread on this and I relayed that I got flu intern year, swab positive, and was sick for 2 days. I was kept out for 4 because I was working in the newborn nursery and my chiefs said they didn't want to take the chance. No one was called in for me, the rest of the team just split the coverage and my co-intern on the service had to cover a weekend day that he otherwise would have had off.
I think you are asking the policy for 3rd and 4th year medical students. It's not as pressing because no one has to find coverage for students, but same deals apply - sniffles can probably come in to work but wear a mask, more serious stuff and fever can stay home. Again communicate to people and they will tell you what to do.
I remember first starting residency I was not sure about what to do in case of conjunctivitis. Turns out we just put on a mask with eye shield and clean all our stuff habitually.
Out of curiosity, what do you guys do when youre sick?
If youre one of those people who falls under the weather often (every 2 months) do you get in trouble
Is there a certain level of ill you have to be to not come in, or is a scratchy throat enough?