This was compiled from Moore, D. P. (2008). Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychiatry Second edition. CRC Press.
DEPRESSION
Primary or idiopathic disorders
Major depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
Dysthymia
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Post-partum blues
Post-partum depression
Schizoaffective disorder
Post-psychotic depression in schizophrenia
Toxic depressions
Medication-induced
Prednisone (Wolkowitz et al. 1990)
Alpha-interferon (Fried et al. 2002; Krauss et al. 2003;
Raison et al. 2005; Torriani et al. 2004)
Beta 1b-interferon (Neilley et al. 1996)
Metoclopramide (Friend and Young 1997)
Pimozide (Bloch et al. 1997b)
Propranolol (Petrie et al. 1982; Pollack et al. 1985)
Nifedipine (Hullett et al. 1988)
Cimetidine (Billings et al. 1981)
Ranitidine (Billings and Stein 1986)
Subdermal estrogen–progestin (Wagner 1996; Wagner and
Berenson 1994)
Alpha-methyl dopa (DeMuth and Ackerman 1983)
Reserpine (Jensen 1959; Quetsch et al. 1959)
Levetiracetam (Mula et al. 2003; Wier et al. 2006)
Isotretinoin (Wysowski et al. 2001)
Bismuth (Supino-Viterbo et al. 1977)
Substances of abuse or toxins
Chronic alcoholism
Lead intoxication
Metabolic depressions
Obstructive sleep apnea
Chronic hypercalcemia
Vitamin deficiencies
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Pellagra
Pancreatic cancer
Medication or substance withdrawal
Cholinergic rebound
Stimulants
Anabolic steroids
Endocrinologic disorders
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome
Adrenocortical insufficiency
Hyperaldosteronism
Hyperprolactinemia
Neurodegenerative and dementing disorders
Parkinson’s disease
Diffuse Lewy body disease
Hereditary mental depression with parkinsonism
Huntington’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease
Multi-infarct dementia
Other intracranial disorders
Stroke
Traumatic brain injuy
Multiple sclerosis
Epilepsy-associated depression
Ictal depression
Interictal depression
Tumors
Hydrocephalus
Fahr’s syndrome
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Limbic encephalitis
Tertiary neurosyphilis
New-variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Down’s syndrome
MANIA
Primary, idiopathic disorders
Bipolar disorder
Cyclothymia
Schizoaffective disorder
Post-partum psychosis
Toxic
Prednisone (Lyons et al. 1988, Minden et al. 1988, Wolkowitz
et al. 1990)
Anabolic steroids (Pope and Katz 1988, 1994)
Oral contraceptives (Sale and Kalucy 1981)
Levodopa (Ryback and Schwab 1971; Van Woert et al. 1971)
Pramipexole (Singh et al. 2005)
Ropinirole (Singh et al. 2005)
Antidepressants (Shulman et al. 2001; Stoll et al. 1994)
Buspirone (Liegghid and Yeragani 1988; Price and Bielfeld 1989)
Alpha-interferon (Constant et al. 2005)
Zidovudine (Maxwell et al. 1988; O’Dowd and McKegney
1988; Wright et al. 1989)
Abacavir (Brouilette and Routy 2007)
Clarithromycin (Abouesh and Hobbs 1998)
Ciprofloxacin (Bhalerao et al. 2006)
Isoniazid (Chaturvedi and Upadhyaya 1988; Jackson 1957)
Topiramate (Jochum et al. 2002)
Phenytoin (Patten et al. 1989)
Zonisamide (Sullivan et al. 2006)
Procyclidine (in high dosage) (Coid and Strang 1982)
Propafenone (Jack 1985)
Procarbazine (Mann and Hutchinson 1967)
Disulfiram (Ceylan et al. 2007)
Aspartame (in high dosage) (Walton 1986)
Bromide (Sayed 1976)
Mannitol (Navarro et al. 2001)
Metrizamide (Kwentus et al. 1984)
Baclofen withdrawal (Kirubakaren et al. 1984)
Tiagabine withdrawal (Pushpal and Shamshul 2006)
Reserpine withdrawal (Kent and Wilber 1982)
Alpha-methyldopa withdrawal (Labbatte and Holzgang 1989)
Metabolic
Hepatic encephalopathy
Uremia
Endocrinologic
Cushing’s syndrome
Hyperthyroidism
Intracranial disorders
Infarctions
Midbrain
Thalamus
Caudate
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Tumors
Midbrain
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Frontal lobe
Multiple sclerosis
As part of certain dementing disorders
Alzheimer’s disease
Huntington’s disease
Neurosyphilis
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Miscellaneous
Traumatic brain injury
Epileptic disorders
Ictal mania
Post-ictal mania
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Sydenham’s chorea
Chorea gravidarum
Encephalitis lethargica
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Fahr’s syndrome
Dialysis dementia
Tuberous sclerosis
Velocardiofacial syndrome
ANXIETY - PERSISTENT
Primary, idiopathic anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder
Toxic
Caffeine
Sympathomimetics
Theophylline
Levodopa
Metabolic
Hypocalcemia
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Congestive heart failure
Substance or medication withdrawal
Alcohol
Sedative/hypnotic
Nicotine
Anticholinergic
Endocrinologic
Hyperthyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome
Intracranial disorders
Post-stroke
Traumatic brain injury
ANXIETY - ATTACKS
Idiopathic disorders
Panic disorder
Phobias
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
Toxic
Cocaine
Cannabis
Hallucinogens
Clozapine
Metabolic
Hypoglycemia
Hyperventilation
Endocrinologic
Pheochromocytoma
Miscellaneous
Simple partial seizures
Right temporal lobe tumor
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
Angina or myocardial infarction
Pulmonary embolus
Parkinson’s disease