I feel for the guy, but this is basically just the story of someone who got healthcare outside of his HMO network and then had to fight for reimbursement.
Sounds like he went to the ER, was told he needed surgery, then he dialed a past physician he liked asking for a recommendation. He then scheduled a later surgery with an academic surgeon not in his network. This isn't just a VA thing; there's not an insurance plan in the country that would cover this on first pass. Crummy, but this stuff happens all the time. My local paper actually has a weekly column where people right in asking for advice on how to get their healthcare paid for after refusal by their insurance company.
CNN's having fun saying "Army vet billed for war wounds", but this is exactly how the VA or any HMO is meant to work. You get free care within the network, but if you independently get care outside of the network, it's on your bill. It ain't a VA thing.