topics for a talk on ophthalmology

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Free Radicle

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Hey everybody, I have to do a talk - doing it on the most common eye problems that primary care physicians see a lot. Only one good references that I have found on google search - by Steven Sheilds - any other ideas or references would be appreciated.

thanks

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Go online to NEJM. There was a previous talk on red eyes geared towards PCPs that was really good a few years back. Went into all the basics of how to approach the red eye in patients.
 
I'm sorry I cant help, but maybe you could share what you find on this subject. I'm personally interested in how a PCP actually manages to provide examination of the eye. Specifically, I would like to know what objective powers of observation they exert while performing an "eye" exam. :confused:
 
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i don't think the point of educating PCPs about ophthalmology means that they have to provide the same detailed level of ocular examination that we provide for simple conditions like conjunctivitis, dry eye, blepharitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage and dacrocystitis. many of these conditions often are resolved by PCPs with time, antibiotics, artificial tears and ocular massage before they even make it to us. i think you could take any one of these topics and expand it to include "this is when it is appropriate to refer to ophthalmology, this is when it is not." as specialists, we have a responsibility to teach our primary care colleagues a thing or 2 about bread and butter ophthalmology. these consitions rarely necessitate slit lamp biomicroscopy and DFE ASAP. when i'm on call, i'll allow myself to be curbsided by any primary care resident if it saves me a stat consult or having to overbook my clinic for any of the above mentioned conditions. the ER residents rotate with us and we teach them how to use the direct ophthalmoscope properly to save us the "stat r/o diabetic retinopathy." where am i coming from with all of this? i'd much rather use my clinic time learning about things that primary care physicians can't diagnose like CSME, FA interpretation, grading cataracts, endothelial dystrophies, optic nerve head drusen vs. disc edema and the management of the "glaucoma suspect." (this is what i saw today in my clinic).


I'm sorry I cant help, but maybe you could share what you find on this subject. I'm personally interested in how a PCP actually manages to provide examination of the eye. Specifically, I would like to know what objective powers of observation they exert while performing an "eye" exam. :confused:
 
Hey everybody, I have to do a talk - doing it on the most common eye problems that primary care physicians see a lot. Only one good references that I have found on google search - by Steven Sheilds - any other ideas or references would be appreciated.

thanks

Red eye talk would be best as that is what they see everyday. However, they also want to know a little about vision or life threatening problems, esp. pediatrics. At the end of my pediatric red eye lecture I always throw up a picture of a buphthalmos and leukocoria just as a reminder with a 30 second DDx. FYI a red eye lecture can be really,really long. Make sure to focus on the most common problems; you could spend an hour on conjunctivitis alone.
 
i don't think the point of educating PCPs about ophthalmology means that they have to provide the same detailed level of ocular examination that we provide for simple conditions like conjunctivitis, dry eye, blepharitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage and dacrocystitis. many of these conditions often are resolved by PCPs with time, antibiotics, artificial tears and ocular massage before they even make it to us. i think you could take any one of these topics and expand it to include "this is when it is appropriate to refer to ophthalmology, this is when it is not." as specialists, we have a responsibility to teach our primary care colleagues a thing or 2 about bread and butter ophthalmology. these consitions rarely necessitate slit lamp biomicroscopy and DFE ASAP. when i'm on call, i'll allow myself to be curbsided by any primary care resident if it saves me a stat consult or having to overbook my clinic for any of the above mentioned conditions. the ER residents rotate with us and we teach them how to use the direct ophthalmoscope properly to save us the "stat r/o diabetic retinopathy." where am i coming from with all of this? i'd much rather use my clinic time learning about things that primary care physicians can't diagnose like CSME, FA interpretation, grading cataracts, endothelial dystrophies, optic nerve head drusen vs. disc edema and the management of the "glaucoma suspect." (this is what i saw today in my clinic).

I'm sorry to hiijack this thread, and I appreciate your reply.

I understand you'd rather see more challenging cases, but how do you justify a PCP's diagnosis of "conjunctivitis" or "dry eye"? I realize that SLE/DFE is not required with many eye conditions, but IMHO that can only be determined AFTER the SLE/DFE exam was performed. I mean dont you think that its difficult or impossible to r/o ALL sight or life threatening eye conditions with an ophthalmoscope?

Also, what are your feelings regarding the indiscriminate and wasteful use of antibiotics? We all know there isnt really any point in giving abx for ebmd or many other "red eyes" right? Do you feel this is proper? I dont, and I think that as long as MD's treat primary eyecare with a "....most of these resolve on their own.." approach ,then incidence numbers will continue to be inaccurate, and these patients will continue to be mismanaged.
 
White Dots - thanks for the advice - fyi this is what I found
Primary Care: The Red Eye
Leibowitz H. M. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:345-351, Aug 3, 2000

Primary Care: Blurred Vision
Shingleton B. J., O'Donoghue M. W.
N Engl J Med 2000; 343:556-562, Aug 24, 2000

Managing eye disease in primary care
Sheilds, S
VOL 108 / NO 5 / OCTOBER 2000 / POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE

I wonder what happen in 2000 to make educating primary docs so vogue?:laugh:

I think rubensan is right, I am going to focus on "the most common" things or bread and butter ophtho.

Just to reply to PBEA - with your concerns over PCPs diagnosing eye diseases - my favorite quote is "you can see a lot by looking". Many things can be discerned by the careful observer, as far as their less than judicious use of ABX that might not be due to ignorance but rather an appeasement of their patients - either way I will make it a point im my talk about the use of abx in the treatment of the "red eye"

Thanks for everybody's responses - if there are anymore please let me know
 
I'm sorry to hiijack this thread, and I appreciate your reply.

I understand you'd rather see more challenging cases, but how do you justify a PCP's diagnosis of "conjunctivitis" or "dry eye"? I realize that SLE/DFE is not required with many eye conditions, but IMHO that can only be determined AFTER the SLE/DFE exam was performed. I mean dont you think that its difficult or impossible to r/o ALL sight or life threatening eye conditions with an ophthalmoscope?

Also, what are your feelings regarding the indiscriminate and wasteful use of antibiotics? We all know there isnt really any point in giving abx for ebmd or many other "red eyes" right? Do you feel this is proper? I dont, and I think that as long as MD's treat primary eyecare with a "....most of these resolve on their own.." approach ,then incidence numbers will continue to be inaccurate, and these patients will continue to be mismanaged.

We get it. PCP no look at eyes, only check blood pressure, have red phone direct line to PBEA's office. As far as antibiotics: Lets say you have a URI and your doc gives you some oral agent, say Bactrim, for one week, when you may have gotten better on your own. Your gut contains around 4 X 10^23 bacteria. If conversion from the wild type to a resisance+ mutant was so rampant don't you think we would have already selected out for the most harmful bacteria just from the shear numbers in the gut? Also, (some) of these oral agents would also be secreted into the tear film, but this does not seem to have created a wave of super bugs in the eye. What evidence is there that we have a significant problem with topical gtts creating resistance, esp if you take into accout the number of flora in the cul de sac is infentesimally smaller than the gut (ie less bacteria would mean less chance to breed resistance from survival standpoint)?
 
We get it. PCP no look at eyes, only check blood pressure, have red phone direct line to PBEA's office. As far as antibiotics: Lets say you have a URI and your doc gives you some oral agent, say Bactrim, for one week, when you may have gotten better on your own. Your gut contains around 4 X 10^23 bacteria. If conversion from the wild type to a resisance+ mutant was so rampant don't you think we would have already selected out for the most harmful bacteria just from the shear numbers in the gut? Also, (some) of these oral agents would also be secreted into the tear film, but this does not seem to have created a wave of super bugs in the eye. What evidence is there that we have a significant problem with topical gtts creating resistance, esp if you take into accout the number of flora in the cul de sac is infentesimally smaller than the gut (ie less bacteria would mean less chance to breed resistance from survival standpoint)?

PCP caveman, have prominent forebrow, they missing link!!! OOOH, OOOH, AAAH, AAAH. PBEA is an xman, the latest evolutionary progression of mankind. The product of millions of years of natural selection. NOW you got it. :D :laugh:

In response to abx: I've personally never seen a superinfection myself, but my anecdote is as worthless as anybody elses. Coincidentally, A few days ago I had a pt with bilateral nasal pingueculitis (PCP called it pink eye), who was being treated with cipro gtt on a friggin' taper!?! Thats great a 3rd gen quinolone being used for pink eye, with a taper no less!!?? Talk about purposeful attempts at creating a superbug. What about MRSA? I'm sure that did not happen overnight with one patient getting bactrim and selecting out a more resistant species. Or how bout increasing resistance across the board for all abx classes? It seems cumulative use of abx in the population leads to resistance, not in one patient. You seem to subscribe to the notion that unchecked use of abx is ok? Or that the risk of harm is minimal. I thoroughly disagree with this, and the practice of rxing abx as placebo. What about entities like steven-johnson, OCP, et al? these are severe often drug induced
conditions. All of this basically condemns the use of abx for conditions that do not benefit from them.
 
I'm sorry to hiijack this thread, and I appreciate your reply.

I understand you'd rather see more challenging cases, but how do you justify a PCP's diagnosis of "conjunctivitis" or "dry eye"? I realize that SLE/DFE is not required with many eye conditions, but IMHO that can only be determined AFTER the SLE/DFE exam was performed.

I saw conjuntivitis all the time in med school and internship before starting an ophthalmology residency. Most PCM's can handle conjuntivitis well. I don't think you need a detailed SLE (and especially not a detailed DFE) for run of mill pink eye, especially when it's not a very painful eye (which usually seems to be the case). If the presentation is atypical or concering in anyway, then the PCM will refer it out. At the very least, a DFE on every pink eye case would be very non-cost effective.

As far as dry eye goes, you technically don't even need corneal findings on SLE exam to diagnose it anyway.


I mean dont you think that its difficult or impossible to r/o ALL sight or life threatening eye conditions with an ophthalmoscope?
Most urgent site/life threatening conditions are taught to PCM's. They know what the red flags are for referring patients to optom/ophtho. Also, how often do they present exactly like a typical case of conjunctivitis?

Also, what are your feelings regarding the indiscriminate and wasteful use of antibiotics? We all know there isnt really any point in giving abx for ebmd or many other "red eyes" right? Do you feel this is proper? I dont, and I think that as long as MD's treat primary eyecare with a "....most of these resolve on their own.." approach ,then incidence numbers will continue to be inaccurate, and these patients will continue to be mismanaged.
You're speculating. As mentioned earlier, I doubt that eye drops contribute a significant amount to abx resistance. Also, you don't really have too any stats to back up your assertion. I will say that most PCM's practice very defensively due to the litiginous nature of medicine these days. Most eye primary care doesn't lead to horrible outcomes. So as optoms your don't realize how high stress primary care can be in that regard. My point is, these docs typically have a low threshhold for referring out anything they aren't comfortable with.
 
mirror- your an OMD, how do you differentiate mild/moderate iritis from conjunctivitis? What is basically the only tool that can provide definitive evidence that iritis exists or does not exist? SLE. Period. I question the "careful observer" as it seems to be more "carefully guessing" then anything else. Dont get me wrong, I agree with the stats, outcomes are favorable, but I guess that depends on whos in the chair.

Abx sideshow: Read all about it! 3rd gen flouroquinolone takes dive in endophth po CE study, pittsburg, lowly OD finds indiscriminate use of abx is common practice among pcp et al., subsequent release of 4th gen quinolone. Is it corporate conspiracy? OOOOOHHHHH!!! Or is it (drum roll)......abx resistance!?!? AAAAAAAHHHHHH!!! Should I invest my money in the next gen flouroq? or should I accept the fact that resistance is futile (bacteriologically speaking that is).
 
mirror- your an OMD, how do you differentiate mild/moderate iritis from conjunctivitis? What is basically the only tool that can provide definitive evidence that iritis exists or does not exist? SLE. Period. I question the "careful observer" as it seems to be more "carefully guessing" then anything else. Dont get me wrong, I agree with the stats, outcomes are favorable, but I guess that depends on whos in the chair.

Abx sideshow: Read all about it! 3rd gen flouroquinolone takes dive in endophth po CE study, pittsburg, lowly OD finds indiscriminate use of abx is common practice among pcp et al., subsequent release of 4th gen quinolone. Is it corporate conspiracy? OOOOOHHHHH!!! Or is it (drum roll)......abx resistance!?!? AAAAAAAHHHHHH!!! Should I invest my money in the next gen flouroq? or should I accept the fact that resistance is futile (bacteriologically speaking that is).

Do you really think Abx resisance is driven by 5-7 days of post-op fluoroquinolone or for the 7 day course to mistakenly treat viral conjunctivitis? How can topical drops over a 7 day course contribute to Abx resistance in the herd? It can't. Resistance comes because those oral meds (same ones mentioned in drop form) breed resistance by exposing a very large population of bacteria to the drug and some will develop resistance. Individuals are then colonized by these new bacteria, then have cataract surgery and a wound leak and/or poor betadine prep leads to endoph. I don't think we are going to find a new risk factor for endophalmitis is going to be prior tx for conjunctivitis.

I would agree with your earlier post; tapering of Abx is a problem and the bacteria in the cu-de-sac would stand a better chance of developing resistance at sub-therapeutic levels.
 
Do you really think Abx resisance is driven by 5-7 days of post-op fluoroquinolone or for the 7 day course to mistakenly treat viral conjunctivitis? How can topical drops over a 7 day course contribute to Abx resistance in the herd? It can't. Resistance comes because those oral meds (same ones mentioned in drop form) breed resistance by exposing a very large population of bacteria to the drug and some will develop resistance. Individuals are then colonized by these new bacteria, then have cataract surgery and a wound leak and/or poor betadine prep leads to endoph. I don't think we are going to find a new risk factor for endophalmitis is going to be prior tx for conjunctivitis.

I would agree with your earlier post; tapering of Abx is a problem and the bacteria in the cu-de-sac would stand a better chance of developing resistance at sub-therapeutic levels.


wtf?? your asking questions, then answering them with "It cant", then you finish your post by contradicting yourself. To wit: tapering the abx can very definitely lead to superbug (we agree), hence misapplied abx CAN lead to resistance (do we agree?). The large population of bacteria doesnt necessarily come from one pt or tx anyway. The large population of bacteria is actually the multitude of pts and txs over time. I tend to agree with your example though, I'd love to see any pretx history (especially self tx, or PCP applied tx) for conjunctivitis prior to ce as a risk factor for endophth (or not), but I'm afraid the corporate conspiracy theory is more plausible in this case. I guess I will have to continue to be a paranoid, cynical bastage. Go ahead and invest in the 5th gen quinolone (or is it already here?), your bound to do well. :laugh:
 
dude!! :confused:

i'm not sure how to even redirect this thread, but i want to clairfy a few things. i think you are correct in asserting the value of slit lamp examination and for highlighting how eye providers overuse abx. i also think there is value in being a "purest" about such things in an academic setting. however, for better or worse, in today's practice environment purism (evidence based medicine) has been replaced with "CYA (cover your a#$)." the 6 year old with viral conjunctivitis is rarely diagnosed by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. rather, the worried parent takes their kid to a pediatrician who sees a red eye. if we don't teach our PMD colleagues how to triage these types of cases by checking vision, looking at pupils, then everyone suffers. our creed is medicine is "do no harm." can we fault the pediatrician for starting a kid on occuflox q 6 hours and having him follow up with us in a few days? did he really do harm to the patient? do i fault the ER physician for seeing a diabetic in the ER for "blurry vision" taking the initiative of checking vision, pupils, actually dusting off the direct ophthalmoscope, turing it on and looking at the fundus saying "everything looks normal, maybe i see a dot blot hemorrhage or two" and having the patient follow up with me within a few days? i confirm the patient has refractive error and mild NPDR and they get followed regularly q6 months. do i see the patient with a painful red eye, down vision and a fixed middilated pupil ASAP? yes I do! as community ophthalmologists, we are rarely on the front lines. rarely, are there such things as "eye ERs" outside of major academic centers. rather, we count on our PMD colleagues to take an accurate occular history, do a basic exam and refer to us. it only makes sense to teach our colleagues when to refer to an eye care provider.

wtf?? your asking questions, then answering them with "It cant", then you finish your post by contradicting yourself. To wit: tapering the abx can very definitely lead to superbug (we agree), hence misapplied abx CAN lead to resistance (do we agree?). The large population of bacteria doesnt necessarily come from one pt or tx anyway. The large population of bacteria is actually the multitude of pts and txs over time. I tend to agree with your example though, I'd love to see any pretx history (especially self tx, or PCP applied tx) for conjunctivitis prior to ce as a risk factor for endophth (or not), but I'm afraid the corporate conspiracy theory is more plausible in this case. I guess I will have to continue to be a paranoid, cynical bastage. Go ahead and invest in the 5th gen quinolone (or is it already here?), your bound to do well. :laugh:
 
dude!! :confused:

i'm not sure how to even redirect this thread, but i want to clairfy a few things. i think you are correct in asserting the value of slit lamp examination and for highlighting how eye providers overuse abx. i also think there is value in being a "purest" about such things in an academic setting. however, for better or worse, in today's practice environment purism (evidence based medicine) has been replaced with "CYA (cover your a#$)." the 6 year old with viral conjunctivitis is rarely diagnosed by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. rather, the worried parent takes their kid to a pediatrician who sees a red eye. if we don't teach our PMD colleagues how to triage these types of cases by checking vision, looking at pupils, then everyone suffers. our creed is medicine is "do no harm." can we fault the pediatrician for starting a kid on occuflox q 6 hours and having him follow up with us in a few days? did he really do harm to the patient? do i fault the ER physician for seeing a diabetic in the ER for "blurry vision" taking the initiative of checking vision, pupils, actually dusting off the direct ophthalmoscope, turing it on and looking at the fundus saying "everything looks normal, maybe i see a dot blot hemorrhage or two" and having the patient follow up with me within a few days? i confirm the patient has refractive error and mild NPDR and they get followed regularly q6 months. do i see the patient with a painful red eye, down vision and a fixed middilated pupil ASAP? yes I do! as community ophthalmologists, we are rarely on the front lines. rarely, are there such things as "eye ERs" outside of major academic centers. rather, we count on our PMD colleagues to take an accurate occular history, do a basic exam and refer to us. it only makes sense to teach our colleagues when to refer to an eye care provider.

I guess I have a hard time looking past flagrant disregard for the facts. If someone, anyone cant prove that there is no iritis then they shouldnt treat the "pink" eye. And by logical extension this would encompass any/all cases involving the eye. Like you said "do no harm". Call me a purist, if you like, but I prefer realist. I'll easily admit that I dont know the full range of a PCP's responsiilities, but it remains clear that that they are acting beyond their sphere of expertise everytime they look at the eye. Even in India (where apparently they all do a "year" of ophthalmology), I would have a very hard time buying their diagnosis. I have no problem with ER docs doing anything to anybody, thats my disclaimer here, but I do have a problem with community docs "shouldering" the frontline in primary eyecare.

What, no abx sidebar? awwww, cmon join the fun.
 
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