Anorexia on general psychiatry unit

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okokok

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Any resources you can point me toward? Male patient, absolutely zero insight, BMI qualifies as moderate anorexia. Has lost ~5 lbs since admission 1-2 weeks ago. Compulsively exercising despite not being allowed to (no real way to enforce). All expected nutrition-related labs mildly abnormal; pt bradycardic to low 40s at times with orthostatic hotn (denies sx). Hospital medicine team unhelpful (recommended improving nutrition and signed off), nursing staff very uncomfortable with medical care. Difficulty with transfer to ED specialized treatment center due to insurance and will likely stay in general unit for foreseeable future.

There are a lot of resources for medical evaluation but not for medical treatment (ie, how much/how fast to give fluids for orthostatic hotn considering heart is likely very weak)?

Particularly concerned about weight loss since hospitalization. Any advice for practical/enforceable nutrition goals and exercise restriction? Also curious about liability regarding continued hospitalization given pt has been losing weight though more acutely interested in any treatment advice.

Thanks, any help extremely appreciated
 
Eating disorders are tough for providers if they haven't had treatment experience with it before, not qualifying for a specialized center is also rough, as that's likely his best chance. What kind of consults do you have available in MH? Any health psych people who see pts on that unit that could work with insight and a behavior plan?
 
Worked on a unit before. The only (and correct) treatment is refeeding. Here is what I would do: 1) call the mental health lawyer and/or ethics team for a consult. 2) initiate treatment over objection paperwork on their advisory.

Check this article for longer explaination:

If this fails (i.e. if the judge says there's no reason to rx over obejction or involuntarily hold), then discharge. Specialized unit for eating D/O (Renfrew, etc) is almost always a voluntary admission. This person occupying an acute bed is a disservice for people with more appropriate indications (acute suicide, psychosis, etc).

This is not really a medical issue. It's more a medical ethics/legal issue. Medical decision making is very straightforward. You are just confused because there's no one helping you with non-medical issues and forcing you to make a call that's frankly not yours to make. If you discharge and an adverse event occurs, it comes back to bite you. But if you don't discharge, the patient might sue you for holding him against his will.
 
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Worked on a unit before. The only (and correct) treatment is refeeding. Here is what I would do: 1) call the mental health lawyer and/or ethics team for a consult. 2) initiate treatment over objection paperwork on their advisory.

Check this article for longer explaination:

If this fails (i.e. if the judge says there's no reason to rx over obejction or involuntarily hold), then discharge. Specialized unit for eating D/O (Renfrew, etc) is almost always a voluntary admission. This person occupying an acute bed is a disservice for people with more appropriate indications (acute suicide, psychosis, etc).

This is not really a medical issue. It's more a medical ethics/legal issue. Medical decision making is very straightforward. You are just confused because there's no one helping you with non-medical issues and forcing you to make a call that's frankly not yours to make. If you discharge and an adverse event occurs, it comes back to bite you. But if you don't discharge, the patient might sue you for holding him against his will.

We have a specialized IP eating d/o unit that certainly has its share of involuntary admissions, but this really only happens when BMI is below a certain cut-off. Meals are very regimented as you might expect and refeeding is carefully planned out. Unit has a dedicated nurse practitioner to handle most medical issues as they arise. Very often the patients end up with NG tube feeds.

This is going to be really hard to do on the unit you describe.
 
You say that the patient will be on the unit for the "foreseeable future," yet your anecdote doesn't describe any clear indication for inpatient psychiatric admission. It sounds like you may be heading in the direction of medical admission - at a minimum I would suggest a hospitalist consult for guidance on refeeding, electrolyte monitoring/management, etc. as eating disorders are not something you should mess around with.

There is some evidence that olanzapine has utility in AN, but really the treatment is not medication-focused, barring any other comorbidities. You can try some behavioral interventions; I don't know what kinds of amenities you have on your unit, but you might consider restricting them if he does not eat some portion of his meals. Some version of this kind of behavioral intervention is in place at most eating disorder units that I've seen. Ultimately I agree with @sluox that a general inpatient unit is not the appropriate place for eating disorder treatment.

I agree with trying to explore specialized eating disorder centers. Some of them will offer "scholarships" for patients that are unable to pay or are uninsured (we've done this a couple of times on one of our units). If he chooses not to go, that's his decision. I don't know what state you live in or what the particulars are for involuntary hold criteria, but in my state an eating disorder would absolutely not be sufficient for an involuntary hold.
 
Totally agree with the above and I've worked on 2 units that specialized in eating disorders. As mentioned you just get the BMI under control and then get very good outpatient treatment from specialists for this specific area. You could also add a referall to an ED clinic. Most areas don't have one.
 
There will be patients who are quite challenging and likely to have poor or guarded outcomes, but sometimes challenging patients you just have to discharge and this might find its way into the D/C Summary:
The patient achieved maximal benefit of hospitalization, and continued hospitalization is no longer appropriate due to unlikely continued improvement in symptoms XYZ. Prognosis is guarded/poor/etc, but in preservation of patient autonomy and civil rights, it is deemed discharge to a lesser restrictive environment is warranted. Reviewed with patient follow up recommendations to continue towards improved mental well being by ..... Further discussed ramifications of condition to be ...

Hopefully something to chew on, and rephrase as needed.
 
Presumably this is adult patient, but I see looks like internal medicine wasn’t any help. You could consider curbsiding peds, tell them medicine blew you off and see if anyone in their department has an interest in eating disorders and is willing to share some insight/guidance on inpatient eating disorder management.
 
If you really aren't equipped to help the patient, then you should discharge them and document very carefully why the inpatient stay is not going to actually help them and thus it is nonsensical to restrict their autonomy indefinitely for no benefit. Yeah you have a duty to do what you can to protect a patient within standard of care. But if all you can do is recommend the right treatment (outpatient or inpatient) for their illness and where it is available, that's what you do. It isn't your fault that the healthcare system leaves some patients without access to treatments they need. Anecdotally, I have had some patients that found some way or another to scrounge together resources for essential treatments. It can be very powerful to accept alongside a patient/family that no other treatment can actually help and to realize that it probably means a bad and life-threatening outcome. When you definitively break the fantasy that doing something else might actually help and refuse to participate in it, it is amazing to see someone actually mobilize resources for their interest. Some people will never try so long as they find a willing partner in psychiatry to collude with them in trying a futile treatment.
 
This is all extremely helpful, thank you everyone. I'm an intern on one of my first inpatient psych rotations, to provide further context. In this one particular case, my attending is not much more knowledgeable about management than I am.

I hesitate to provide too many details due to paranoia about maintaining pt's anonymity, but basically according to his vitals, he is medically unstable for discharge. Ideally, I think he would be on a medical unit with a psych consult, but since medicine would never in a million years admit him, I feel like our hands are tied. Also, I was looking at old weights--the new numbers show no overall difference in his weight.

I do not have experience with ED patients (one prior limited experience with an anorexic pt who was very manipulative and seemed to be restricting diet with full knowledge and purpose), but this particular pt almost seems psychotic or OCD or something. He's truthful in how much he's exercising/eating despite restrictions, gives outrageously high/low numbers for situps/calories etc, and seems to believe these values are totally normal. He has an odd, blunted affect. The only time he shows any emotion is when he looks very disappointed after being told he can't exercise. (I really want to give more description to hear feedback about whether his presentation is typical of anorexia or not but I'm paranoid.) Maybe this is just par for the course with anorexia. But his fixation on his weight/exercise, how he associates it so concretely as a reason for a specific failure in his life, his seeming complete lack of insight, being so out of touch with reality regarding what's normal diet/exercise for other people, and his overall meekness and obvious panic/distress at being told he can't exercise--and the fact that all of this is causing him physical harm--make me feel like he warrants hospitalization the same as any psychotic pt harming himself/herself for delusional reasons. He signed in voluntarily in the beginning anyway (though not specifically for tx of ED) and has not signed forms to begin the process of discharge although he has been told that's an option. (I don't think he's all there cognitively due to malnutrition.)

Anyway thanks again. If anyone who has worked on ED units has any copies of guidelines or anything they used and want to PM them to me, I'd be really interested (just for my own learning, not because I expect to enact those on a general unit)
 
This is all extremely helpful, thank you everyone. I'm an intern on one of my first inpatient psych rotations, to provide further context. In this one particular case, my attending is not much more knowledgeable about management than I am.

I hesitate to provide too many details due to paranoia about maintaining pt's anonymity, but basically according to his vitals, he is medically unstable for discharge. Ideally, I think he would be on a medical unit with a psych consult, but since medicine would never in a million years admit him, I feel like our hands are tied. Also, I was looking at old weights--the new numbers show no overall difference in his weight.

I do not have experience with ED patients (one prior limited experience with an anorexic pt who was very manipulative and seemed to be restricting diet with full knowledge and purpose), but this particular pt almost seems psychotic or OCD or something. He's truthful in how much he's exercising/eating despite restrictions, gives outrageously high/low numbers for situps/calories etc, and seems to believe these values are totally normal. He has an odd, blunted affect. The only time he shows any emotion is when he looks very disappointed after being told he can't exercise. (I really want to give more description to hear feedback about whether his presentation is typical of anorexia or not but I'm paranoid.) Maybe this is just par for the course with anorexia. But his fixation on his weight/exercise, how he associates it so concretely as a reason for a specific failure in his life, his seeming complete lack of insight, being so out of touch with reality regarding what's normal diet/exercise for other people, and his overall meekness and obvious panic/distress at being told he can't exercise--and the fact that all of this is causing him physical harm--make me feel like he warrants hospitalization the same as any psychotic pt harming himself/herself for delusional reasons. He signed in voluntarily in the beginning anyway (though not specifically for tx of ED) and has not signed forms to begin the process of discharge although he has been told that's an option. (I don't think he's all there cognitively due to malnutrition.)

Anyway thanks again. If anyone who has worked on ED units has any copies of guidelines or anything they used and want to PM them to me, I'd be really interested (just for my own learning, not because I expect to enact those on a general unit)

Why would a medicine team not admit the patient? Vital sign instability is not a reason for continued admission on a psychiatric unit. That is a medical problem. If your medical service won't accept a hemodynamically unstable patient, that's a problem.
 
to provide further context. In this one particular case, my attending is not much more knowledgeable about management than I am.

Unfortunate but will happen more times than you likely think at your stage of training. I remember an attending I had, who was a very good one, just upfront telling me, "we usual psychiatrists don't know much when it comes to eating disorders unless we specialize in it." I respected his honesty and admittance to his limitations. Some attendings, however, will put up a veneer that they know more than they know especially in front of students and residents.

CATIE, STAR*D, and STEP-BD all came out about my 3rd and 4th year of training, and I recall several attendings not reading them nor being on top of what those landmark studies showed.

In eating disorders meds rarely help. While there are literally dozens of studies showing some benefits, nearly all of them show weak data, often times with numbers of subjects less than 25, and with other studies showing similar measures showing the exact opposite (that the med doesn't work at all). The main treatment is usually psychological.

An exception is binge-eating. Stimulants do help, but many psychiatrists have an issue with this line of treatment despite it's FDA indication (Vyvanse). The issue here is most psychotropic meds to treat mental illness treat it on a fundamental level other than just symptom management. E.g. antidepressants, when taken long-term have neurotropic benefits and we have theories to their mechanism that are fundamental in suggesting it's actually treating depression on a physiological level, where as with stimulants, they cut appetite, but we don't have reason to think they're actually dealing with the fundamental causes of the binge-eating itself which could be highly psychological in nature.

Why would a medicine team not admit the patient? Vital sign instability is not a reason for continued admission on a psychiatric unit. That is a medical problem. If your medical service won't accept a hemodynamically unstable patient, that's a problem.

I've certainly dealt with this problem several times when I used to work in a hospital. Ouch. What a damned frustration I don't have to deal with anymore. It really needs to the the attending(s) that take this fight on if this type of disagreement is going on. I recommend a resident in a situation where a patient is on the psych unit and shouldn't be report this to the attending and let them take over if they can't get the patient transferred by talking to the other residents. A resident can't fight toe-to-toe with an attending from another service if there's a disagreement. When I was a professor, whenever something liked this happened, I would upfront tell the residents to let me or another attending handle it cause it wasn't fair for them to do so. (And yes I remember dozens of times while as a resident, the attending I had was too chicken to do their job, and stand up to the other attending. One time my attending politely talked to the ER doctor and that ER doctor started screaming at her. I told the ER doctor I found it highly disrespectful that he acted in this manner to a colleague, and that I'd be forced to report this to HR if he continue it. Maybe I shouldn't have to save my own butt but there were plenty of witnesses who could have attested he was way out of line. I also remember several times telling the attending what was going on, the attending didn't do the right thing, and the nurse would stare at me, and I gave him/her the look communicating, "listen I tried, but this attending overrules me").

What I typically did with eating-disordered patients was until they were medically-cleared (for real, not an IM doctor telling me they were cleared, I'd check the labs, recent notes, and the patient myself or made sure the psychiatrist that did was competent in IM-and as we know many aren't), they stay on the IM unit with psych consults. I'd usually have objective markers such an an appropriate BMI, close to normal electrolyte levels, a stable EKG, etc. If they were transferred to inpatient psych as already mentioned above, get them good outpatient treatment and the social worker takes up this job cause inpatient psych almost never really helps eating disorded patients.

Most of the IM doctors I worked with, if we gave objective markers, e.g. BMIs, EKGs, etc, they were very open to working with us in a fair manner. I figure, in their defense, that they didn't want some idiot psychiatrist who was going to stonewall them no matter what, but if given a fair BMI and other objectives standards they'd figure we were going half-way. I also knew for a fact that many pychiatrists didn't know their IM and either let the IM doctors walk all over them or would block the IM doctors when they shouldn't have been blocked.
 
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I get what you mean about how people are so entrenched and it's so delusional and so far off the mark and reality and harming them, but even then, that's not often something you can hospitalize involuntarily, or even at all, nor should you. You'll need to get used to your patients basically being crazy in various ways, and nothing anyone can do can make them see that or change.

For me, it's a little easier when you see yourself as a professional advice giver and not a fixer. It's harder in psych because you do see genuinely psychotic patients, patients who are a direct harm to themselves in a less abstract way than my cheeseburger addicts, and you are more likely to be in a situation to consider legal action to protect a patient. So that said, part of your learning process is sorting out when everything above applies, what to do, and how to cope.
 
This is all extremely helpful, thank you everyone. I'm an intern on one of my first inpatient psych rotations, to provide further context. In this one particular case, my attending is not much more knowledgeable about management than I am.

I hesitate to provide too many details due to paranoia about maintaining pt's anonymity, but basically according to his vitals, he is medically unstable for discharge. Ideally, I think he would be on a medical unit with a psych consult, but since medicine would never in a million years admit him, I feel like our hands are tied. Also, I was looking at old weights--the new numbers show no overall difference in his weight.

I do not have experience with ED patients (one prior limited experience with an anorexic pt who was very manipulative and seemed to be restricting diet with full knowledge and purpose), but this particular pt almost seems psychotic or OCD or something. He's truthful in how much he's exercising/eating despite restrictions, gives outrageously high/low numbers for situps/calories etc, and seems to believe these values are totally normal. He has an odd, blunted affect. The only time he shows any emotion is when he looks very disappointed after being told he can't exercise. (I really want to give more description to hear feedback about whether his presentation is typical of anorexia or not but I'm paranoid.) Maybe this is just par for the course with anorexia. But his fixation on his weight/exercise, how he associates it so concretely as a reason for a specific failure in his life, his seeming complete lack of insight, being so out of touch with reality regarding what's normal diet/exercise for other people, and his overall meekness and obvious panic/distress at being told he can't exercise--and the fact that all of this is causing him physical harm--make me feel like he warrants hospitalization the same as any psychotic pt harming himself/herself for delusional reasons. He signed in voluntarily in the beginning anyway (though not specifically for tx of ED) and has not signed forms to begin the process of discharge although he has been told that's an option. (I don't think he's all there cognitively due to malnutrition.)

Anyway thanks again. If anyone who has worked on ED units has any copies of guidelines or anything they used and want to PM them to me, I'd be really interested (just for my own learning, not because I expect to enact those on a general unit)
I'm an intern who just spent a very significant chunk of my day begging other services to please do the right thing medically for my patient, and even give that I'd be shocked to get pushback on unstable VITALS. Particularly unstable vitals in an eating disorder patient. If he's physiologically (rather than psychiatrically) unstable he needs to be on a medicine floor and your attending should step up to the plate to make that happen.

If you are at a tertiary or quarternary medical center with peds, see if there is an adolescent medicine service you can consult or curbside. They handle eating disorders and are in my experience sometimes willing to see patients through early 20s if it's a disorder they specialize in.
 
This is all extremely helpful, thank you everyone. I'm an intern on one of my first inpatient psych rotations, to provide further context. In this one particular case, my attending is not much more knowledgeable about management than I am.

I hesitate to provide too many details due to paranoia about maintaining pt's anonymity, but basically according to his vitals, he is medically unstable for discharge. Ideally, I think he would be on a medical unit with a psych consult, but since medicine would never in a million years admit him, I feel like our hands are tied. Also, I was looking at old weights--the new numbers show no overall difference in his weight.

I do not have experience with ED patients (one prior limited experience with an anorexic pt who was very manipulative and seemed to be restricting diet with full knowledge and purpose), but this particular pt almost seems psychotic or OCD or something. He's truthful in how much he's exercising/eating despite restrictions, gives outrageously high/low numbers for situps/calories etc, and seems to believe these values are totally normal. He has an odd, blunted affect. The only time he shows any emotion is when he looks very disappointed after being told he can't exercise. (I really want to give more description to hear feedback about whether his presentation is typical of anorexia or not but I'm paranoid.) Maybe this is just par for the course with anorexia. But his fixation on his weight/exercise, how he associates it so concretely as a reason for a specific failure in his life, his seeming complete lack of insight, being so out of touch with reality regarding what's normal diet/exercise for other people, and his overall meekness and obvious panic/distress at being told he can't exercise--and the fact that all of this is causing him physical harm--make me feel like he warrants hospitalization the same as any psychotic pt harming himself/herself for delusional reasons. He signed in voluntarily in the beginning anyway (though not specifically for tx of ED) and has not signed forms to begin the process of discharge although he has been told that's an option. (I don't think he's all there cognitively due to malnutrition.)

Anyway thanks again. If anyone who has worked on ED units has any copies of guidelines or anything they used and want to PM them to me, I'd be really interested (just for my own learning, not because I expect to enact those on a general unit)

Sounds like you're in a tough situation. I'm not a medical practitioner, and I also live in Australia, so I can't advise re best practice for where you are, but I do have a history of chronic anorexia nervosa (weight and nutrition restored for over a decade, psychologically stable now for the most part as well) and if you'd like to ask me any questions regarding manifestations of anorexia I'd be more than happy to answer as best I can (keeping in mind that patients are individuals and my situation may not apply to all).

In terms of involuntary admissions, I have a few friends from an international support community who have been detained under the mental health act of their respective countries; however, in all cases it was a situation where the person's physical condition had declined to a point where death was an immediate and imminent concern, and the person's weight and nutritional state was such that they had basically lost capacity to make decisions on their own.
 
This is all extremely helpful, thank you everyone. I'm an intern on one of my first inpatient psych rotations, to provide further context. In this one particular case, my attending is not much more knowledgeable about management than I am.

I hesitate to provide too many details due to paranoia about maintaining pt's anonymity, but basically according to his vitals, he is medically unstable for discharge. Ideally, I think he would be on a medical unit with a psych consult, but since medicine would never in a million years admit him, I feel like our hands are tied. Also, I was looking at old weights--the new numbers show no overall difference in his weight.

I do not have experience with ED patients (one prior limited experience with an anorexic pt who was very manipulative and seemed to be restricting diet with full knowledge and purpose), but this particular pt almost seems psychotic or OCD or something. He's truthful in how much he's exercising/eating despite restrictions, gives outrageously high/low numbers for situps/calories etc, and seems to believe these values are totally normal. He has an odd, blunted affect. The only time he shows any emotion is when he looks very disappointed after being told he can't exercise. (I really want to give more description to hear feedback about whether his presentation is typical of anorexia or not but I'm paranoid.) Maybe this is just par for the course with anorexia. But his fixation on his weight/exercise, how he associates it so concretely as a reason for a specific failure in his life, his seeming complete lack of insight, being so out of touch with reality regarding what's normal diet/exercise for other people, and his overall meekness and obvious panic/distress at being told he can't exercise--and the fact that all of this is causing him physical harm--make me feel like he warrants hospitalization the same as any psychotic pt harming himself/herself for delusional reasons. He signed in voluntarily in the beginning anyway (though not specifically for tx of ED) and has not signed forms to begin the process of discharge although he has been told that's an option. (I don't think he's all there cognitively due to malnutrition.)

Anyway thanks again. If anyone who has worked on ED units has any copies of guidelines or anything they used and want to PM them to me, I'd be really interested (just for my own learning, not because I expect to enact those on a general unit)

Your patient sounds like a patient with significant anorexia nervosa that should be on an EDO unit. We have one at our institution, and to be honest we rarely consult medicine unless there is an issue outside of the EDO realm. In your case, you clearly need medicine onboard, because he is medically unstable and your unit as a whole is not comfortable/familiar with this process.

I can at least tell you what our service would do given your patient. If you have access to nutrition services, they would also be good to get on board to provide a recommendation for the initial refeeding calorie goal. We usually start start low, like in the 750-1200 kcal range, increasing every 4-7 days. We check BMP, magnesium, and phosphorous daily, later transitioning to 3x/wk. We aggressively replete to keep K, Ph, and Mg above targets (>4, >3, and >2 respectively). Phos dropping is going to be first sign of refeeding syndrome. You would likely have to have medicine onboard for this realistically, because potential adverse effects are significant (think heart failure). Behavioral structure is also very important to the process, so we set strict rules about eating, exercising, access to the bathroom (especially with purging), etc. Its really hard to do this without a system set up and nursing buy-in. We also have rules in place for constipation, due to slowed motility, but it is strict involving specific BM goals and Abd XRs to avoid overuse of laxatives. Once they get beyond a certain BMI most are able to think again and recognize that they are feeling better. SSRIs are also what we use long-term and benzos are used acutely for mealtime anxiety and tapered when the patient gets closer to target weight. We often have commitments and have to use NGs with bridals to initiate feeding.

In your situation, you're looking at either convincing him in his current state (likely almost impossible), getting family to help, or committing him to include medical treatment. If you can't do that, then I agree with others on here that you need to discharge or send to specialized unit, because chances are you are not going to be able to help without commitment or convincing. Malnutrition is likely making it almost impossible as you said for him to truly understand the impact he's having on his own health.
 
I don't think that your patient is all that mysterious as far as eating disorder goes although it sounds like a very tough case, and I'm not an expert in eating disorders.

Separately, if the patient is medically unstable, then I'd say you need help from the hospital (ethics, risk?) to settle pushback for admitting him to medicine if they are not capable of being safely cared for on psychiatry. Otherwise, it isn't an option to simply dump the patient on medicine who can't manage anorexia better.

I still think discharge is appropriate if medical admission isn't and transfer to eating disorder unit can't be accomplished. It's not that your patient isn't sick or isn't in some sort of medical danger. The question is whether you are capable of changing that danger.
 
Worked on a unit before. The only (and correct) treatment is refeeding. Here is what I would do: 1) call the mental health lawyer and/or ethics team for a consult. 2) initiate treatment over objection paperwork on their advisory.

Check this article for longer explaination:

If this fails (i.e. if the judge says there's no reason to rx over obejction or involuntarily hold), then discharge. Specialized unit for eating D/O (Renfrew, etc) is almost always a voluntary admission. This person occupying an acute bed is a disservice for people with more appropriate indications (acute suicide, psychosis, etc).

This is not really a medical issue. It's more a medical ethics/legal issue. Medical decision making is very straightforward. You are just confused because there's no one helping you with non-medical issues and forcing you to make a call that's frankly not yours to make. If you discharge and an adverse event occurs, it comes back to bite you. But if you don't discharge, the patient might sue you for holding him against his will.
I strongly disagree with this (not that refeeding is the main/only effective treatment but with the idea that the only option when patients don’t accept our help is a feeding tube and with most of the rest of the post).

Our eating disorders service has great success (our patients safely gain weight almost twice as fast as most places and we get patients better who have failed multiple other programs) and we almost never have patients get feeding tubes. This service routinely has 1-2 involuntary patients on it and the data our experts have shown me from our institution indicate that, counterintuitive as it may be, voluntary vs involuntary status during the admission has no significant correlation with success in or out of the hospital (discharge BMI, maintenance of normal BMI, death, etc.)

This being said, our ED service has a rigid protocol based on rewards/privileges and removal of privileges/rewards. Part of why it works is that the nursing staff is experienced with these patients and can effectively monitor the patients and enforce the incentive structure to modify behavior. I’ve also had ED patients on other services (usually due to the primary problem being affective rather than eating) but it is generally extremely difficult to manage the eating behaviors in such circumstances because the nurses are not good at monitoring/enforcing and they’re not surrounded by people with the same issue. Attempts to modify their behavior are going to be seen as targeting them and unfairly singling them out rather than part of the overall rules of the place. Even though patients on an ED service will feel this way at the beginning, too, their cohort are all having various incentives/punishments enforced and it is obvious that this is an equal opportunity situation.

My experience with patients with eating disorders on a non-specialized unit has, unfortunately, been that the actual eating behaviors cannot be significantly modified in such circumstances. I think that one should probably not be attempting to treat people whose primary problem is an eating disorder on a general psychiatry service. If the eating disorder is not severe or is relatively stable, such patients may be able to have comorbidities stabilized before referral to an ED service. I’ve given a few patients ECT and titrated meds before transfer to an Eating Disorders program. The hospitalization does nothing for the eating disorder but the in less severe cases or where you can form an alliance, you can often get by in a way that them being treated there is not causing harm, is not imminently dangerous and is doing a service that will benefit them when they finally enter treatment for the eating disorder. Some of these patients have needed constant observation to avoid surreptitiously hiding/spitting food and since most people hate it, this has served as its own reward when it is discontinued due to not demonstrating eating disordered behaviors on the unit.

If the patient has severe enough anorexia that people are talking about feeding tubes, this person should be managed by experts. In many or most cases management by nurses and physicians experienced in eating disorders will obviate need for a feeding tube.

I do agree, however, that refeeding is the main objective as it has the best data for maintenance of healthy BMI and remission of ED behaviors. Still, this does not at all imply that involuntary patients need feeding tubes. This has rarely been the case with the involuntary patients on our unit.
 
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I strongly disagree with this (not that refeeding is not the main/only effective treatment but with the idea that the only option when patients don’t accept our help is a feeding tube and with most of the rest of the post).

Our eating disorders service has great success (our patients safely gain weight almost twice as fast as most places and we get patients better who have failed multiple other programs) and we almost never have patients get feeding tubes. This service routinely has 1-2 involuntary patients on it and the data our experts have shown me from our institution indicate that, counterintuitive as it may be, voluntary vs involuntary status during the admission has no significant correlation with success in or out of the hospital (discharge BMI, maintenance of normal BMI, death, etc.)

This being said, our ED service has a rigid protocol based on rewards/privileges and removal of privileges/rewards. Part of why it works is that the nursing staff is experienced with these patients and can effectively monitor the patients and enforce the incentive structure to modify behavior. I’ve also had ED patients on other services (usually due to the primary problem being affective rather than eating) but it is generally extremely difficult to manage the eating behaviors in such circumstances because the nurses are not good at monitoring/enforcing and they’re not surrounded by people with the same issue. Attempts to modify their behavior are going to be seen as targeting them and unfairly singling them out rather than part of the overall rules of the place. Even though patients on an ED service will feel this way at the beginning, too, their cohort are all having various incentives/punishments enforced and it is obvious that this is an equal opportunity situation.

My experience with patients with eating disorders on a non-specialized unit has, unfortunately, been that the actual eating behaviors cannot be significantly modified in such circumstances. I think that one should probably not be attempting to treat people whose primary problem is an eating disorder on a general psychiatry service. If the eating disorder is not severe or is relatively stable, such patients may be able to have comorbidities stabilized before referral to an ED service. I’ve given a few patients ECT and titrated meds before transfer to an Eating Disorders program. The hospitalization does nothing for the eating disorder but the in less severe cases or where you can form an alliance, you can often get by in a way that them being treated there is not causing harm, is not imminently dangerous and is doing a service that will benefit them when they finally enter treatment for the eating disorder. Some of these patients have needed constant observation to avoid surreptitiously hiding/spitting food and since most people hate it, this has served as its own reward when it is discontinued due to not demonstrating eating disordered behaviors on the unit.

If the patient has severe enough anorexia that people are talking about feeding tubes, this person should be managed by experts. In many or most cases management by nurses and physicians experienced in eating disorders will obviate need for a feeding tube.

I do agree, however, that refeeding is the main objective as it has the best data for maintenance of healthy BMI and remission of ED behaviors. Still, this does not at all imply that involuntary patients need feeding tubes. This has rarely been the case with the involuntary patients on our unit.

I should clarify that in our system the vast majority of people in our inpatient ED unit are there because they have gotten dangerously underweight while attending our eating disorder intensive outpatient program or partial hospitalization program. That is to say, they have had intense and sustained contact with eating disorder specialists and things still aren't going well.

So a higher prevalence of NG tubes for involuntary cases (by no means 100%, maybe 2-3 on a twenty bed unit at a time).
 
I should clarify that in our system the vast majority of people in our inpatient ED unit are there because they have gotten dangerously underweight while attending our eating disorder intensive outpatient program or partial hospitalization program. That is to say, they have had intense and sustained contact with eating disorder specialists and things still aren't going well.

So a higher prevalence of NG tubes for involuntary cases (by no means 100%, maybe 2-3 on a twenty bed unit at a time).

Our patients are also quite sick. Patients with BMIs of like 9, various sorts of effusions, electrolyte abnormalities the whole thing. To be honest, much of the time it boggles my mind that we treat these people on psych, but it actually seems to be the best place for them. By the time people get here, many see it as their “last chance” whether or not that is actually correct. Our unit is not quite so large (20 ED beds is terrifying to me by the way—these patients are so ill and caring for them can get super crazy, especially on-call), but we almost never put in tubes.

I guess what I’ll say is that our paucity of tubes has very little to do with acuity and much more to do with treatment philosophy. People here proudly acknowledge that we are resistant to putting in tubes, favoring modification of the behavior and refeeding that way.

Sometimes it actually needs to be done and we will do that here. I’ll just challenge you by saying that I think that institutional norms and philosophical differences about how these patients are best treated often play a larger role than the strict necessity of the procedure.
 
I was reading about eating disorder clinics to see what makes them different.

How do you get someone to be less neurotic about food/weight when there is so much focus on food/weight?

I read that people are weighed daily and that they have to eat every 2-3 hours.

Reading about it, I can see why alcoholics choose to abstain from alcohol entirely rather than find a way to use it in moderation.

It must be so hard to negotiate with an obsession that you can't ignore even if you wanted to because it's part of daily living. And then the treatment is to focus on it even more.

What is the psychological philosophy that the patients are told? Is it that you can't trust yourself anymore so you've come here to trust us that you need to eat every 3 hours? It seems you're giving up agency and end up relying on an external source to tell you when and how to eat. Is the point that "normal" people without an ED don't normally think about how they eat (eating ad libitum) and in an eating disorder clinic you're giving that ad-libitum force which has gone dysfunctional in you over to another power?

I feel like "normal" people tend not to think about their diet too much, so if food weren't required for living, you would ideally expose a person to seeing that food isn't a big deal one way or the other as with other obsessions. Except that it is a big deal not to eat.

I may be thinking about this in the wrong way as I am very familiar with OCD but not with EDs. But from the outside it looks similar to OCD, which I may be wrong about.
 
Our patients are also quite sick. Patients with BMIs of like 9, various sorts of effusions, electrolyte abnormalities the whole thing. To be honest, much of the time it boggles my mind that we treat these people on psych, but it actually seems to be the best place for them. By the time people get here, many see it as their “last chance” whether or not that is actually correct. Our unit is not quite so large (20 ED beds is terrifying to me by the way—these patients are so ill and caring for them can get super crazy, especially on-call), but we almost never put in tubes.

I guess what I’ll say is that our paucity of tubes has very little to do with acuity and much more to do with treatment philosophy. People here proudly acknowledge that we are resistant to putting in tubes, favoring modification of the behavior and refeeding that way.

Sometimes it actually needs to be done and we will do that here. I’ll just challenge you by saying that I think that institutional norms and philosophical differences about how these patients are best treated often play a larger role than the strict necessity of the procedure.

Not an eating disorder.specialist so that seems reasonable to me. I know they do some contingency management around food but for some reason our system has serious restrictions on using meaningful incentive structures for inpatient units. I was told this was the result of a major lawsuit about fifteen years ago. Definitely a shame, it would be super helpful in some of our other units as well.
 
Not an eating disorder.specialist so that seems reasonable to me. I know they do some contingency management around food but for some reason our system has serious restrictions on using meaningful incentive structures for inpatient units. I was told this was the result of a major lawsuit about fifteen years ago. Definitely a shame, it would be super helpful in some of our other units as well.
Yeah, I’m not an eating disorders specialist either so what I say should be taken with that grain of salt too. Most of what I’m saying is just parroting what some of our eating attendings have said and paraphrasing data they have presented.

With regard to incentive structures, ours seems somewhat mild but it seems to work. I guess that people really hate to lose privileges and to not have privileges that the other people on the service have.

Our program works on a refeeding schedule and patients gain or lose privileges based on their progress. Calories generally increase based on the schedule regardless of whether patients are finishing meals so patients cannot game the system into increasing their calories more slowly by not finishing meals and they will just be making things difficult for themselves by not trying to complete because they will just be presented larger and larger trays while the expectation remains that they complete their meals. Privileges can be lost by not finishing meals, finishing meals over time (must finish meals within a reasonable amount of time) or demonstrating eating disorder behaviors such a purging. Privileges include but are not limited to: ability to select their tray (must still comply with exhchange requirements), on campus with staff for therapeutic activities, going with staff on group outings to an on-campus restaurant for a meal, drinking tea or other similar beverages (generally we don’t let the patients drink these things if they are not finishing meals) and sit/stand cards (patients are allowed a certain amount of activity a day but we restrict this, though to be honest I forget exactly how this is implemented). Patients can avoid some but not all consequences by replacing calories not finished at meals with ensure, but if it becomes clear that patients are favoring replacement we begin to replace calories at 1.5:1 or 2:1 ratios to incentivize eating food normally rather than drinking ensure. Certain behaviors such as purging and dishonest treatment interfering behaviors like hiding/cheeking food, smearing food on plates/napkins, or surreptitious exercise result in constant observation until these behaviors are no longer observed. Cell phones have also been taken away for various reasons as have privileges to the hospital iPads but these are usually for specific reasons and not part of the usual protocol.
 
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Yeah, I’m not an eating disorders specialist either so what I say should be taken with that grain of salt too. Most of what I’m saying is just parroting what some of our eating attendings have said and paraphrasing data they have presented.

With regard to incentive structures, ours seems somewhat mild but it seems to work. I guess that people really hate to lose privileges and to not have privileges that the other people on the service have.

Our program works on a refeeding schedule and patients gain or lose privileges based on their progress. Calories generally increase based on the schedule regardless of whether patients are finishing meals so patients cannot game the system into increasing their calories more slowly by not finishing meals and they will just be making things difficult for themselves by not trying to complete because they will just be presented larger and larger trays while the expectation remains that they complete their meals. Privileges can be lost by not finishing meals, finishing meals over time (must finish meals within a reasonable amount of time) or demonstrating eating disorder behaviors such a purging. Privileges include but are not limited to: ability to select their tray (must still comply with exhchange requirements), on campus with staff for therapeutic activities, going with staff on group outings to an on-campus restaurant for a meal, drinking tea or other similar beverages (generally we don’t let the patients drink these things if they are not finishing meals) and sit/stand cards (patients are allowed a certain amount of activity a day but we restrict this, though to be honest I forget exactly how this is implemented). Patients can avoid some but not all consequences by replacing calories not finished at meals with ensure, but if it becomes clear that patients are favoring replacement we begin to replace calories at 1.5:1 or 2:1 ratios to incentivize eating food normally rather than drinking ensure. Certain behaviors such as purging and dishonest treatment interfering behaviors like hiding/cheeking food, smearing food on plates/napkins, or surreptitious exercise result in constant observation until these behaviors are no longer observed. Cell phones have also been taken away for various reasons as have privileges to the hospital iPads but these are usually for specific reasons and not part of the usual protocol.

As no one admitted here gets to have a cell phone or iPads and out of hospital outings are limited to two specific long-term psychosis step down units I imagine this limits the privileges we could offer even in principle.
 
I was reading about eating disorder clinics to see what makes them different.

How do you get someone to be less neurotic about food/weight when there is so much focus on food/weight?

I read that people are weighed daily and that they have to eat every 2-3 hours.

Reading about it, I can see why alcoholics choose to abstain from alcohol entirely rather than find a way to use it in moderation.

It must be so hard to negotiate with an obsession that you can't ignore even if you wanted to because it's part of daily living. And then the treatment is to focus on it even more.

What is the psychological philosophy that the patients are told? Is it that you can't trust yourself anymore so you've come here to trust us that you need to eat every 3 hours? It seems you're giving up agency and end up relying on an external source to tell you when and how to eat. Is the point that "normal" people without an ED don't normally think about how they eat (eating ad libitum) and in an eating disorder clinic you're giving that ad-libitum force which has gone dysfunctional in you over to another power?

I feel like "normal" people tend not to think about their diet too much, so if food weren't required for living, you would ideally expose a person to seeing that food isn't a big deal one way or the other as with other obsessions. Except that it is a big deal not to eat.

I may be thinking about this in the wrong way as I am very familiar with OCD but not with EDs. But from the outside it looks similar to OCD, which I may be wrong about.

Part of exposure response prevention treatment is stopping compulsive behavior. You have to be able to do that even though the person wants to do the compulsion. So to be able to, there must be some parallel motivation not to and external environment that allows it. I'm not sure eating disorders are different in that way. There are ways I could think about this dynamically, but I think the overall lesson is a strict behavioral intervention can change the behavior which can modify the disorder.
 
I was reading about eating disorder clinics to see what makes them different.

How do you get someone to be less neurotic about food/weight when there is so much focus on food/weight?

I read that people are weighed daily and that they have to eat every 2-3 hours.

Reading about it, I can see why alcoholics choose to abstain from alcohol entirely rather than find a way to use it in moderation.

It must be so hard to negotiate with an obsession that you can't ignore even if you wanted to because it's part of daily living. And then the treatment is to focus on it even more.

What is the psychological philosophy that the patients are told? Is it that you can't trust yourself anymore so you've come here to trust us that you need to eat every 3 hours? It seems you're giving up agency and end up relying on an external source to tell you when and how to eat. Is the point that "normal" people without an ED don't normally think about how they eat (eating ad libitum) and in an eating disorder clinic you're giving that ad-libitum force which has gone dysfunctional in you over to another power?

I feel like "normal" people tend not to think about their diet too much, so if food weren't required for living, you would ideally expose a person to seeing that food isn't a big deal one way or the other as with other obsessions. Except that it is a big deal not to eat.

I may be thinking about this in the wrong way as I am very familiar with OCD but not with EDs. But from the outside it looks similar to OCD, which I may be wrong about.

Speaking from my own experience a lot of my eating disorder definitely had OCD aspects to it, so when I made the decision to finally go into recovery part of working to overcome the eating disorder was to challenge those OCD/ritualistic type behaviours through what I suppose would be considered some form of exposure therapy. For example I had a fairly elaborate weighing ritual that I had to perform a certain number of times per day, so part of my working towards recovery was to begin to challenge that particular ritual by gradually stopping one certain aspect of it every few days, and then stopping another aspect of it, and another, and so on.

As for the handing over of agency in terms of food, that was definitely something I needed, and chose to do as well. I sort of constructed my own refeeding program at home (mainly because at the time pretty much no therapist or psych wanted to touch me with a barge pole, because of the chronic nature of my disorder), and once I had managed to stabilise my weight up to a somewhat healthy level, and was starting to look at a more typical (ie 'non refeeding') intake of food per day I very quickly realised that I literally had little to no idea how to do that (for example I had no idea what a normal serving size for a meal should be). So I made the decision to temporarily ask my husband to take control of what, when and how much I ate, and to also help retrain me to recognise what was normal as well. I'm not saying it was easy, and of course there was also food related type rituals and stuff I was still challenging as well so that threw some spanners in the works along the way, but ultimately I did, and still do think that for me it was necessary to go down the path of handing over control to someone else in order to gain future benefit.
 
It's not antithetical in a lot of instances, to temporarily hand over autonomy and agency. That's the basis for a lot of recovery from a lot of things. The goal is to get to where one does have those things, but that doesn't mean the first step to getting there isn't to give them up initially. Especially when people are in serious, serious danger of death. Stabilization first and then reassess.

The concept that there's "always time." People get really upset about losing any "gains" from compulsive behaviour (exercise endurance, weight), or like when you "interfere" with someone's suicide plan by hospitalization.

However, a lot of people, as described in the scenario around privileges, etc, will end up "playing ball" because they have to. They recognize that the only way to get their autonomy back (discharge) might be to eat the food, gain the weight, attend the therapy, take the antidepressants, whatever. Surely no one thinks that initially the ED patient that is finishing their plate to get the privilege of an Ipad is turning over a new leaf to choosing to do so at home.

I think it relates to insight, to some extent. The deeper you are in the thralls of illness, the harder it is to recognize it. I said earlier, that a lot of times nothing you do will make someone wake up and smell the crazy. That's not always exactly true.

In any case, *sometimes* the more that is done to get someone well, even if they're just going to group therapy on the inpatient wards thinking this is total BS but I want my phone call, or finishing their meals to more quickly get a DC so they can go home and lose all the weight and then some, is that some of these things start to work for patients despite themselves. Sometimes if they get the push towards what it is healthier, it will start to take.

I hate to say in some ways it's analogous to children. Like, you have to make them do things for their own good a lot of the time. Growth is partly where they start to recognize this and no longer have to be forced. It's more complicated in what we're discussing for a lot of reasons. Point still stands that often you have to get over a degree of resistance to see change, and the fact that it is external forces overcoming the resistance, doesn't mean that it won't be an internal choice to then maintain that change.

Personally, I love to be told to do what's good for me. I benefit enormously.

No, not to be tongue-in-cheek, but while it can be maladaptive, sometimes it is healing and not at all unhealthy or abnormal the need for this. That's not to say a disorder causing this need isn't a problem, just that the need/reaction in itself isn't necessarily the issue. Sometimes people can't manage themselves and need to not be responsible for themselves or make decisions, even if they aren't consciously aware of this or choosing to do so. And actually, even better if someone does recognize when they are in this situation and choose that kind of help when it is needed. Even if they don't, that doesn't make it any less therapeutic.

Someone very close to me who is themselves in healthcare, has struggled for decades with a severe ED and relapses, and hospitalizations. According to them, to what degree as a patient you are focused on weight, portions, etc etc changes depending on where you are at in recovery (as described here by the physicians with inpt ED tx). However outpt that can change substantially. Far from weight focus, after discharge, and in the setting of pregnancy, they never weighed themselves or looked at the scale. Their providers did this, and basically the idea was that they would only be informed if things needed a change. As far as diet, as I understand it, there was significant structure inpatient, but then education to help teach them how to eat in a way that was meant to avoid obsession and falling back into dysfunctional ways of relating to food. I know it varies depending on the individual patient and their patterns. For them, an absolute restriction on exercise was put in place (ie not more than is considered healthy for them). They were not to think in terms of "calories" but instead had meal goals designed to ensure they met their nutritional needs. This was more centered around food choices and portions. For one thing, I know that there was a goal for fruits and vegetables, and that they were allowed "unlimited" amounts of healthy vegetables, for example. Frankly, from what I know, there are a lot of things supporting this approach to food in people not only looking to maintain a healthy weight, but also to lose weight to be healthy. I think there's more evidence for a food choice/portion control/meal goal strategy than strict calorie counting.
 
It's not antithetical in a lot of instances, to temporarily hand over autonomy and agency. That's the basis for a lot of recovery from a lot of things. The goal is to get to where one does have those things, but that doesn't mean the first step to getting there isn't to give them up initially. Especially when people are in serious, serious danger of death. Stabilization first and then reassess.

The concept that there's "always time." People get really upset about losing any "gains" from compulsive behaviour (exercise endurance, weight), or like when you "interfere" with someone's suicide plan by hospitalization.

However, a lot of people, as described in the scenario around privileges, etc, will end up "playing ball" because they have to. They recognize that the only way to get their autonomy back (discharge) might be to eat the food, gain the weight, attend the therapy, take the antidepressants, whatever. Surely no one thinks that initially the ED patient that is finishing their plate to get the privilege of an Ipad is turning over a new leaf to choosing to do so at home.

I think it relates to insight, to some extent. The deeper you are in the thralls of illness, the harder it is to recognize it. I said earlier, that a lot of times nothing you do will make someone wake up and smell the crazy. That's not always exactly true.

In any case, *sometimes* the more that is done to get someone well, even if they're just going to group therapy on the inpatient wards thinking this is total BS but I want my phone call, or finishing their meals to more quickly get a DC so they can go home and lose all the weight and then some, is that some of these things start to work for patients despite themselves. Sometimes if they get the push towards what it is healthier, it will start to take.

I hate to say in some ways it's analogous to children. Like, you have to make them do things for their own good a lot of the time. Growth is partly where they start to recognize this and no longer have to be forced. It's more complicated in what we're discussing for a lot of reasons. Point still stands that often you have to get over a degree of resistance to see change, and the fact that it is external forces overcoming the resistance, doesn't mean that it won't be an internal choice to then maintain that change.

Personally, I love to be told to do what's good for me. I benefit enormously.

No, not to be tongue-in-cheek, but while it can be maladaptive, sometimes it is healing and not at all unhealthy or abnormal the need for this. That's not to say a disorder causing this need isn't a problem, just that the need/reaction in itself isn't necessarily the issue. Sometimes people can't manage themselves and need to not be responsible for themselves or make decisions, even if they aren't consciously aware of this or choosing to do so. And actually, even better if someone does recognize when they are in this situation and choose that kind of help when it is needed. Even if they don't, that doesn't make it any less therapeutic.

Someone very close to me who is themselves in healthcare, has struggled for decades with a severe ED and relapses, and hospitalizations. According to them, to what degree as a patient you are focused on weight, portions, etc etc changes depending on where you are at in recovery (as described here by the physicians with inpt ED tx). However outpt that can change substantially. Far from weight focus, after discharge, and in the setting of pregnancy, they never weighed themselves or looked at the scale. Their providers did this, and basically the idea was that they would only be informed if things needed a change. As far as diet, as I understand it, there was significant structure inpatient, but then education to help teach them how to eat in a way that was meant to avoid obsession and falling back into dysfunctional ways of relating to food. I know it varies depending on the individual patient and their patterns. For them, an absolute restriction on exercise was put in place (ie not more than is considered healthy for them). They were not to think in terms of "calories" but instead had meal goals designed to ensure they met their nutritional needs. This was more centered around food choices and portions. For one thing, I know that there was a goal for fruits and vegetables, and that they were allowed "unlimited" amounts of healthy vegetables, for example. Frankly, from what I know, there are a lot of things supporting this approach to food in people not only looking to maintain a healthy weight, but also to lose weight to be healthy. I think there's more evidence for a food choice/portion control/meal goal strategy than strict calorie counting.

Yep, pretty much a lot of this. And obviously it depends on the patient as well, so individualised approaches tend to work best in my experience (although when it's a matter of someone being medically compromised that's a different story). I'm really trying to think of how to discuss or post on this topic as well without straying too far into 'patient oversharing personal experiences' territory.
 
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