I read a book that talked about retaining information called 'what smart students know' by adam robinson of the Princeton Review.
Anyways, it said that when getting ready for class or a reading assignment (even if you only have a minute) jot down what the purpose of reading/hearing/doing this and then jot down the 'topic' of that class and very briefly what you know about the topic, even if what you know is vague or general. Then a brief line about where it fits in the big picture (based on syllabus, reading, teacher's comments from last lecture, etc.)
After doing this the past 2 semesters, I have found that it takes less than 2 minutes and really increases how much I retain from the 'first pass' at information, either in lecture or reading. I have also used it at seminars and such, and I find that I can coalesce different lectures/topics/concepts better with this method. He does emphasize that it is important to put it down (writing, picture, whatever.)
Then, throughout a lecture or reading, try to anticipate what comes next in your mind, and try to find the answer to 'expert questions' which are, essentially, the important concepts of the lecture/reading. The big idea is to keep your mind engaged and actively learning rather than passively hearing/seeing the topic.
Also, as you are reading/listening consider what questions does it bring to mind, especially 'what if' questions and/or 'what does it remind me of' because these tend to tack the idea into your mind....gives you personal handles on it. This can also be done after a class while reviewing notes, but the sooner, the better. Obviously you could come up with far more questions than you will have time to answer, but just getting them in your mind will start connecting the information. Also, when reading/reviewing notes, seperate out what is important and paraphrase/summarize/condence information in a written format (which can also be a visual format such as drawings/diagrams.) Do this the same day as the class. The idea is to minimize material. He also suggests reading a section, then cover it and jot down notes on what you remember, organize/outline/etc. Also, if you write on only one side of a sheet of paper, you can jot 'study questions' on the other side for reviewing later. He also suggests this is a good time to combine notes from reading and lectures.
Next he suggests considering how the information can be organized and pictured such as diagrams, charts, comparisons, visuals (not ones you copy, ones you draw yourself.) Then, for stuff that isn't 'sticking' and has to be memorized, find a hook (mnemonic) such as a picture, pattern, rhyme, story, joke, etc and link it to other material you know (or if there are no links, such as randomly needing to memorize all the kings of england, make the link as crazy as possible), do all of this for smaller chunks of info, then connect the chunks (more on this farther on), engage as many senses as possible (visual, tactile, etc...I bet most of us can remember what parvo does to a dog's intestinal tract partly because of the smell), take breaks while memorizing, even brief ones where you just notice what is around you, as it helps your brain anchor information in 'time' for you.
Finally, the biggest reason for the condencing is that you need repeated brief reviews of information (preferably recall then check your recall against the condenced notes.) He mentions being able to keep condencing notes until it takes very little to trigger full recall through associations in the brain. Finally, also consider how what you have covered fits into the big picture.
OK, so it sounds like a lot...I was a bit overwhelmed when I started this. It really does work. I doubt I quite do all the steps, but I definitly do the jot down before lecture/reading, the questioning throughout, a brief mental review after (normally as I am going somewhere) and the condensing as soon as possible. The condensing is probably the part that took me the most time to get use to, but I have also started using mind maps more frequently, and have found that the combination has made me far better at condensing because I can see how what I am dealing with interconnects. I have been using this for 400-500 level classes and other lectures/seminars.
One other thing I learned for memorization of things like processes is backchaining.
So say there is an order of something, like the kreb's cycle. Most of us start at the beginning and memorize towards the end. A way that works better for me is backchaining. In backchaining you break thinks into ~5 unit pieces, with overlap. Then you memorize from the end to the beginning.
So, if you wanted to learn the alphabet, instead of going:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
you would break in into chunks like:
'ABC' & 'CDEF' & 'FGHIJ' & 'JKLMN' & 'NOPQR' & 'RSTUV' & 'VWXYZ'
and memorize starting from the end chunk.
Now, instead of trying to memorize the entire thing, you memorize each 'chunk' but because of the overlap (c, f, j, n, r, v) each chunk leads into the next chunk, triggering your memory, because the last chunk is the most practiced, it is the least likely to be forgotten. So, you memorize the last chunk. Then the second to last, then practice both together, then memorize third to last, then practice all three, and so on.
At first, I didn't trust this. It was taught to me by a person who has to do a lot of passage memorization for her career (recitation of speeches by historical figures) after we discussed how we train dogs through back chaining because the thing they know the trained behaivor they know 'best' can reinforce other trained behaviors that they don't know as well. It is the quickest way to train dogs to complex behaviors (like fetching a bottle of water from a fridge and bringing it to an owner who can't move very well/open the fridge/etc.) I have started using this more often, and was suprised at how much more I recall with the overlapping parts and with the end stuff more rehearsed then the beginning. So that just the beginning tag (abc) would trigger the recall all the way down the chain.
I don't know if any of that was clear, but thought I woud toss it out there.