While the US is far, far, far from perfect, I do not believe this would fly here.
I've seen it happen at the undergrad level (not to me, though, because it is illegal so when I did have an acute medical emergency in college and my college tried to kick me out, I hired a lawyer and for a grand total of $300, the cost of 2 hours of his time doing mediation, forced them to rescind the actions they were taking against me - however they pulled the same thing on another student a year after I graduated and that student didn't have the resources to get a lawyer and just got kicked out). I've also seen it happen in non-medical graduate programs (again not to me). In both cases it depending on how students' disabilities were being interpreted by whomever had the ability to dismiss them. In undergrad that was student life (who was flagged by the housing staff because that's who they had us call if we had to go to the ER and needed a ride home). In non-medical grad schools that's generally your advisor. Couldn't say either way about whether it happens at vet schools, but it absolutely happens in the USA. There's faculty in disability studies who just study academic ableism because this kind of thing is so common (although it's not always as extreme as not letting someone graduate, it often is).
To the overall question of whether other countries' anti discrimination laws for disability (if they have any - they don't all) are equivalent to the USA's ADA, my best answer is "from what I can tell it depends." I have a friend with my exact same disability who uses my exact same accommodations going to occupational therapy grad school in England (can't remember off the top of my head which uni), though, so I do at least have one person to ask if it seems like UK schooling would be financially doable. (Still trying to track down true cost of living for someone who is not a citizen, though.)
I definitely will look more into the medical requirements and how disability accommodations impact those, but US vet schools also have these, and they are also written in ways that will discourage disabled prospective students.
Just to pick on my IS, Davis says vets are required to have observation skills and, "These skills require the functional use of vision, hearing, and touch." Now, I know there are veterinarians who are Deaf because I saw an article from JAVMA about three of them when I was trying to find vets with disabilities more generally. And I've seen plenty of interviews and articles about veterinarians who are amputees of different kinds, so touch operates differently for them than necessarily intended by these technical standards but they still do their respective jobs. And I'm sure there's tons of neurodivergent vets, and vets with a variety of other disabilities. So we all know that having a disability accommodation for technical standards does not make you a bad vet, or bar you from becoming one to begin with. The question on the table is really whether non-disabled vets (or vets with a disability different from that of their students) who run education programs might try to claim otherwise. (Or admissions or student life staff if they're involved.) Anyway, this is a digression from the question of the thread, but in general the vagueness of disability law and technical standards, etc, means that a lot is left up for interpretation. However, I personally feel (based on past experiences) that if you can show that you have a track record of doing similar things, then you can probably force a USA school to let you graduate if they are trying to claim you don't meet the directly relevant technical standard (for example, if someone ran into a situation where their school was saying they cannot safely restrain animals, but that person can show they have hands on volunteer or vet assistant experience restraining animals in a veterinary setting, it's unlikely that the school will win a court case - but you'd have to have the money to take them to court which most people don't). The harder issue is the things covered by technical standards that no one has experience with until they are a vet (like doing surgery - vet assistants by definition cannot do surgery so work experience prior to vet school wouldn't likely help any in a situation where a school was trying to say someone's lack of meeting technical standards means they can't do surgery).
This isn't the only field that has technical standards like this, BTW. When I was fresh out of college I worked as a substitute teacher for awhile and in California everyone who wants to be a sub has to have a doctor fill out a form saying they meet basic medical requirements. TBH I don't think my doctor even examined me for that. I think she just went down the list on the form and asked me if I met them and then signed it. Maybe I remember wrong, and obviously she also had my medical history in general in the computer to reference.