Maybe silly question about references

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glasscandie

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But I'd rather ask you guys, then have my supervisor go "Uh...Courtney?" lol Especially b/c this is the first paper I'm writing for publication in a scientific journal.

Anyway, how many references are adequate to back up a statement in an introduction? For example, if I'm saying that a certain drug typically has behavioral effects such as hyperlocomotion, would 2 references be enough for that?

And, if a relatively new finding has been presented in literature, for example that a certain drug effects a certain system in the brain, is it enough to say "it has recently been implicated" and then just reference the 1 paper that put that out there?

Thanks 🙂
 
2 should be good - possibly find the first study that it was reported in and then back it up with a more recent confirmation.

for the second part, yes, i think it would be fine to say that with 1 reference.
 
No hard and fast rules for things like this. You could cite 2 or more hyperlocomotion references, you could cite one each for several different behavioral effects, you could cite one meta-analysis that covers it all. If it were me, I might put (e.g....) and cite 2-3 papers to imply that there are more out there, assuming its not controversial whether or not the medication has those effects. If it is, I would either cite 2-3 papers supporting the view and then say "but not all literature has supported this view" and cite another couple, or just say "see relevant review/meta-analysis" that talks about the controversey and cites the individual studies.

Personally, I think people get way too obsessive about citations in the introduction (though many here would probably kick me for saying such a thing). Its one thing if you are citing a method where you want to be absolutely explicit about what you did, or when you are synthesizing literature to arrive at a conclusion. I hate reading what I call "shopping list intros" where people feel the need to cite a dozen studies for every statement they make. I find it distracting and unnecessary - I just want to know there was a rationale for doing the study. Obviously if it is necessary and relevant to cite that much literature (i.e. you are doing a formal review of it and examining how the methods differed), that's a different story. Personal view though, and many editors probably disagree with me🙂

Once you really start reading the literature, you'll quickly realize that all the things you are "supposed" to do when writing aren't actually done. As long as you are citing the correct papers, you're doing better than many😉
 
Unfortunately my intro is turning into that lol I don't even know how long it's supposed to be, my supervisor didn't give me a limit/minimum, but rather said we could edit as necessary, just depends on the journal we're submitting it to. I'm just horribly afraid of getting the paper back from the editors and having them say "You plagiarized this because you didn't cite XYZ", especially on my first ever real publication (I published in The Undergraduate Journal of Psychology, but I have a feeling that won't prepare me for the revisions I'll be doing on this one lol).

Also another citing question -

In one of the papers I'm citing, they said something like, "X drug has been studied in the neurochemical (citation), behavioral (citation), and pharmacokinetics (citation)". Is it plaigarizing to use the same sources to say the same thing - obviously not in the exact same words- (neurochemical, behavioral, pharmacokinetics), but then say "As cited by original paper it came from"? In actuality, most of the papers the original paper used, I had pulled up on my PubMed and Medline search, because the specific drug and area that we're writing about is very small - so I was going to be using those anyway, and the format that it's written in ("neurochemical, cite, behavoral, cite") is commonly used in most of the papers I'm reading.

This is tricky.
 
No one is going to accuse you of plagiarism because you didn't cite EVERY paper on a given topic. That isn't plagiarism. I just did my first official review, and I could probably have listed 20 things off the top of my head they didn't cite that they could have, let alone what I would have turned up if I actually searched - its not a big deal, and I didn't say anthing about it because citing 20 more papers with similar findings in slightly different paradigms wouldn't add anything. At worst, a reviewer will point out a competing viewpoint, or a more thorough investigation that might be a "stronger" citation. Or to a crappy paper on the topic that they wrote and they want you to cite just so they can inflate their own citation count (not joking...it happens).

Everything is inter-connected in this field, and if people really cited ALL relevant research in a remotely developed area, then a typical paper would have 500 pages of references alone, and nothing would ever get done. It is one thing to make assertions without backing them up, ignore opposing viewpoints in the literature, or copy ideas or even entire paragraphs from other papers. The former two will get you rejected, the latter will get you in serious trouble. However, no one is going to bat an eyelash at you citing 3 examples instead of 4. If you want proof, pick a random sampling of articles in a top tier journal. Read through their intros and pick out some parts of it. I guarantee you that if you do a quick lit search on those topics you will find a TON of papers they could have cited but didn't. Obviously, you should be familiar with the general body of literature, but to try and cite everything would be insane. You would spend the rest of your life working on this one paper.

As for your second question, I'm not sure I understand. If you go and read those 3 papers and cite them yourself for a similar point that isn't plagiarism by any stretch of the imagination. References exist primarily so you CAN do things like that! If a paper leads you to a number of other interesting references, there's no need to cite that paper for leading you there. You're not taking their ideas, you're just using references for their intended purpose. You're always better off going back to original sources in those situations, you generally don't want to "cite someone citing something else" unless its a review, synthesis, etc.

Now if you just use the citations and don't read the papers, that is bad. You occasionally see "X as cited in Y, 1972", but generally only for very old or obscure articles that its unreasonable to expect someone to track down the original for. Looking up the original yourself is perfectly acceptable, and there's no need to cite the paper that led you to it unless it is also relevant to the discussion
 
OK, that makes sense then. My supervisor didn't think it was a problem (I sent her the exact sentence I was talking about), but she didn't really say why or anything. Most of the papers I've written in college don't need this depth of citation lol

Sorry, I'm just trying to finish up the intro and methods section today, I'm suppose to turn it into my supervisor tomorrow, and I'm just nervous.
 
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