It is worth reiterating that most universities have different career paths for academic physicians. Certainly the research track still exists, and may even be the path that gets the most attention, but few departments perform enough research and secure enough funding for MOST of their faculty to be successful in this track. I would venture to say that the bulk of academic anesthesiologists advance in a more clinical or clinical educator track. The criteria for advancing should be relatively concrete and objective; no one can afford lawsuits for capricious or discriminatory advancement practices. That said, like with most things in life, there are always some pearls that you might have to dig around for. Where I am, for example, there are certain committees that if you're a member, you can advance by one extra year. Same goes for certain teaching awards. I'm sure this is written down somewhere, but not advertised broadly.
In this day and age, unless you come into a position with research funding, a FAER award, a K, or as a T32 fellow, it strikes me as unlikely that you'd be in a research track (typically these positions require very little clinical work in order to have enough time to be successful, and this obviously represents a substantial investment in your success). Put another way, if you were being hired into a research track, you'd know about it, so you're probably being hired in a clinical track. Advancement there is based on papers, sure, but chapters, committee involvement, speaking invitations, teaching evals, and things of that nature.