If you're looking for non-traumatic reasons, probably orthognathic surgery. Even though this is a major surgery, most people go home in a day or 2 and can be functional again in a week, although they will still look like hell from the edema for a few weeks. People are only rarely wired shut these days, even though there are patients you wish you could wire shut. If they are wired shut, it's usually about 4-6 weeks depending on the reason they are wired shut.
There are tons of conditions that would require this type of surgery to fix it, namely, maxillary hyperplasia/hypoplasia, mandibular hyperplasia/hypoplasia, posterior crossbite, anterior openbite, hemifacial microsomia, cleft palate (needs a maxillary advancement), and almost any craniofacial syndrome which causes asymmetry or facial growth disturbances. Moving the maxilla can often cause perceived changes in the nasal unit of the face, so rhinoplasty is often done at the same time.
The treatments can include Lefort I,II, or III osteotomies sometimes further cutting the upper jaw into segments. Lower jaw procedures include sagittal-split ramus osteotomy, vertical ramus osteotomy, genioplasty (moving the chin).
I googled around and found this website which may be helpful:
http://boiseoms.com/examples/maxillary.html
Also, removal of tumors or cysts can be a pretty devastating surgery requiring longer hospital stays....especially if the patient has a tracheostomy or surgery on the actual airway.