The most rewarding part was when he gave me my money.
Seriously, though . . .
For me the most intellectually stimulating part is the evidence-based medicine approach. I read a ton of literature, even as an attending. For common malignancies (prostate, breast, lung) there are always new studies being published or accruing patients that advance the field in different ways. For rarer cancers that are a lot of quality retrospective studies that are always being published. I feel like I'm always on the bleeding edge.
Also, the physics and radiobiology are fascinating and very clinically relevant.
Finally, I really enjoy tumor boards, especially when the other participants are well-versed in relevant literature. You can really have some stimulating and interesting discussions.
As for the division of work, it goes something like this:
1. MD sees patient, does full history & physical, decides if XRT is appropriate and, if so the parameters (dose, fractionation, fields)
2. Pt returns for treatment planning which should ideally be supervised by the MD; the therapists position the patient based on your orders (supine/prone) with various immobolization devices (thermoplastic masks, knee sponges, vac-lok devices)
3. Pt plan is then designed by the dosimetrist based on the MD parameters (you not only prescribe the dose, but also dose/volume limitations to organs at risk); for complex plans (head & neck for instance) this may take several cycles of optimization
4. Physics does a QA of the plan to make sure everything is kosher
5. Therapists position the patient on the machine and deliver the treatment; daily/weekly imaging is verified by the MD to ensure accurate setup
6. During treatment the MD sees the pt at least weekly, answering questions and managing side effects
7. Following treatment, the patient follows up with the MD as appropriate