27 just count the number of heterozygotes and use that as the exponent for 2. ex: if theres 2 heteros then it will 2 to the 2..so 4 total.
29 just do the dihybrid cross..u only have to do the first 2 lines i believe..rest is the exact same. its a bit time consuming but worth it..maybe theres a shortcut though im not sure
31 normal male (xy) means theres no way he's carrying the recessive allele on his x chromosome..otherwise he'd be colorblind. female carrier (xx) means shes heterozygote and one of her x chromosomes has the bad allele. so just do the cross..u'll see that the son has a 50/50 chance of getting the bad x chromosome from his mother (he gets the Y from his father obviously)