The Internship, Residency, and Fellowship Openings Forum is for people to list AVAILABLE POSITIONS. Therefore, I'll move your post to the General Residency Forum.
I think the answer to your question is highly variable and will depend on the field, the area of the country, etc. In surgery for example, bonuses or stipends are fairly uncommon, but not rare. These signing bonuses can be paid in several different ways:
- as a stipend throughout the fellowship year
- as a stipend throughout the first year of employment
- in one lump sum after the contract is signed
- in a lump sum after you start working
As I noted above, in gen surg it tends to be fairly uncommon, but when I've seen it, amounts of $20-25 K seem to be "common". If you renege on the contract and have taken the stipend, the usual ramifications of breaking an employment contract and owing the practice money would stand. I'm not sure what you mean by "penalty", as it would depend on what your contract states (surely this would all be dealt with before you saw a cent), but in general you pay back what they gave you, without any additional penalties.