Is all we need to know for Gases?

[deleted357625]

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Just checking if this is right:
When dealing with gases we deal with temperature, pressure, and volume

Ideal gas:
No attractive forces at high temperature
No volume at low pressures
Exert no force
Elastic Collisions
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In order to deviate from ideal gas would be to use low temperatures and high pressure.
and as well as decrease volume.
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PV = nRT
STP: 22.4 L, 273 K, 1 atm
If double volume, Pressure halves, Temp doubles, moles double
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Ptotal = P1 + P2...
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Partial Pressure = X * Ptotal
Example:
10 moles of CO2
5 moles of O2
5 moles of N2
Ptotal = 50 atm
Partial pressure of CO2 is = 10/20 = .5 * 50 = Pco2 = 25 atm
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Grahams Law of Effusion
Effusion: movement from high to low pressures
Lesser mass = faster movement, because from KE= 1/2mv^2; The larger mass the slower velocity.
Equation needed: rate1 / rate 2 = m2 / m1 - (square root over masses)
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Phase diagram/ physical changes /

 

[deleted357625]

Nucleus = protons and neutrons
1 proton/neutron is approx 1 amu
Isotopes; differ in the number of neutrons
metals: malleable, ductile, conduct thermal/electricity, form cations, lose electrons, high melting point
non-metals; form anions, gain electrons.
metalloids; characteristics of both metal/non-metal; Ex - ductile, but poor conductor of electricity
Halogens; highly reactive
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Periodic trends
right/up; electrong affinity, ionization, electronegativity
left/down; atomic radius
Atomic number inc right/down along with atomic weight
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Large atoms aren't as stable as smaller atoms due to overlap of p orbitals.
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Break bond: requires energy
Form bond: release energy
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Empirical formula/ mass percent/ naming ionic compounds
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Physical vs. Chemical reaction/reaction types
Physical: keep same molecular structure; evaporation, melting etc
Chemical: combustion, redox reactions
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Quantum numbers etc
-Basically the higher the shells; the more energy if you jump from low --> high it will absorb energy.
- 3d > 4s
-heisenberg uncertainty principle; more we know about momentum less about position, we can still find mass, electron spin, and charge, but not velocity.
-Hunds rule; unpaired electrons have parallel spins
-Electron configurations
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Solids are either apomorphous or crystalline
Crystals
-Network crystal; infinite number of networks etc
-metallic crystals
-ionic crystals; salts etc
apomorphous; really no characteristics etc.
-polymers

 

[deleted357625]

it seems as if for each section it requires one page of writing notes if really simplified. idk i wonder if I'm covering everything, here are my notes for some topics, just wondering if i'm really missing anything.

I'm using EK

 

[Diocletian]

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Break bond: requires energy
Form bond: release energy
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I read this in kaplan too but I don't understand it. Why doesn't breaking bonds release energy?

For example, when ATP is converted to ADP and Pi, doesn't that break a bond and release energy?

 

[deleted357625]

I read this in kaplan too but I don't understand it. Why doesn't breaking bonds release energy?

For example, when ATP is converted to ADP and Pi, doesn't that break a bond and release energy?

Honestly I'm not sure, and the wrong person to ask.. but i just see it as if the bond is very strong and you want to break something it requires more force, more energy, so in order to simply break a bond you need energy to do so. Real world example; breaking a pencil...in order to do so, it requires energy

I try to apply concepts to real-world things to hopefully make since.

 

[md2be89]

I think it has to do with stability... :-/

 

[gettheleadout]

I read this in kaplan too but I don't understand it. Why doesn't breaking bonds release energy?

For example, when ATP is converted to ADP and Pi, doesn't that break a bond and release energy?

The fact that energy must be put in initially (as activation energy) to break a bond doesn't mean that the free energy change of the reaction can't be greater in magnitude than the Eact put in, and in the case where it is, you get a reaction like ATP dephosphorylation where the net deltaG is negative. Take this energy curve for example:

The energy level of the transition state is greater than that of the reactants, so some energy must have been put in initially (in the case where we're breaking a bond.) However, because the products are at a lower energy level, energy has been released overall, making the reaction exergonic. This is what is meant by "high-energy bond" referring to the phosphate-phosphate bond that is broken when ATP is converted to ADP and Pi. This also means the reaction is spontaneous, which is part of the reason ATP is an efficient fuel source.