The voltage difference between the wire and cylinder is like a capacitor. Some type of radiation is sent through there, interacts with gas particles, and ions form which create a current in the circuit. Each time a pulse of current occurs, we would hear a click.
If something is more radioactive, we would hear a lot of clicks. If something is less radioactive we would hear less clicks. But our system is only used to crudely measure relative magnitudes of radioactivities. We don't have a measure of the total energy of the radioactive particle as in (c).