I didn't run into serious ethical dilemmas until I started working in critical care and watched families rescind DNRs, sign consents for trachs on people who made it clear they didn't want trachs, have us do extremely painful dressing changes on vented, restrained, stage 4 cancer patients that wouldn't change any outcome... with no pain medicine because the family wanted the patient awake, etc.
How about which family member gets to stay when two of them get into a knock down, drag out altercation in the waiting room? Usually the formal POA with paperwork gets to stay no matter what, but what if neither has actual paperwork and they're the same degree of relation, i.e. both children of the patient? How about if the one who's stirring up trouble is the actual POA, and that person is being violent towards the healthcare staff?
Does the family member who actually lives with the patient have any rights, if the formal POA lives multiple states away and only sees the patient a couple times a year? How about if the patient has a life partner he/she has lived with for 20+ years, but these two are not married and there is no formal POA paperwork, and the child who is estranged and hasn't seen the patient in decades, but is the closest biological relative, wants to make the patient confidential so the life partner doesn't get to know anything about the patient? How about when there is no official POA paperwork, there are multiple children, and every single one of them has a different idea of what the plan of care for the patient should be?
How about when the patient is clearly terminal (stage 4 cancer, end stage Alzheimer's), the patient's coded three times already and shows signs of severe neurological damage on top of baseline dementia (seizing/posturing) and the family still wants the patient to be a full code? Is a slow code ever acceptable?