you can trace the flow of current as it originates from the positively charged terminal and moves towards the negatively charged terminal; so it has to pass through the resistor first.
Even if the capacitor is fully charged everything else will go on hunky dory.
Nope it's actually the opposite of that. When the switch is just closed the current flows through the capacitor essentially as if it wasn't there. When it's fully charged however the capacitor acts like an open circuit and no current flows through the circuit.