Phenol exerts a marked corrosive action on any tissue of contact when ingested, inhaled or after skin exposure. Its cellular uptake is both rapid and passive due to its lipophilic character, and signs of systemic toxicity develop soon after exposure. Phenol's main target organs are the liver and kidney. It may also effect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
After ingestion phenol produces burning pain and white necrotic lesions in the mouth, oesophagus and stomach, vomiting and bloody diarrhoea. After skin exposure, pain is followed by numbness and the skin becomes blanched. The
systemic clinical effects of phenol are independent on the route of exposure, they include: headache, dizziness,hypotension, ventricular arrhythmia, shallow respiration, cyanosis, pallor; excitation and convulsions may occur initially, but it is quickly followed by unconsciousness. A fall in body temperature and pulmonary oedema may occur. Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia have been reported occasionally. The most important effects in short-term animal studies are neurotoxicity, liver and kidney damage and respiratory effects. The available data do not suggest a strong potential for cumulative health effects from chronic exposure.