1. I agree that research money should not be cut (and it's a drop in the bucket anyway), and that military research has produced a lot of amazing inventions we use in our daily lives, but that's because they get SO much money - way more than any other sphere of research. If that money was diverted to other ventures, we'd still see some great inventions.
2. The unemployment rate for older people is high - I'm not sure where these jobs for old people are going to come from, or how the market could absorb higher rates of employment for senior citizens. Employment prospects for younger people is based off the idea that eventually, old people hang up and go home. If you raise the retirement age, you're going to find either of these situations depending on which sector you're looking at: older, experienced, people making it impossible for new graduates to find work, or older, unemployed people in danger of becoming homeless.
4. None of the budget cuts you've suggested even come close to closing the deficit.
I think we can balance the budget without raising taxes a dime. The Bush Tax cuts need to be made permanent, so businesses have predictability and can make long-term decisions about hiring employees without having a draconian tax code change every decade. Plus, it's not the government's money. Some politicians like Bernie Sanders think that tax-cuts are "government hand outs", as though letting people keep more of their money is unjust. Remember, it's the people who have earned it. They shouldn't be responsible for bailing out an ineffective federal government that lives beyond its means, and borrows money from China, or worse, creates new money out of thin air (via the Bernanke printing press inc.) to pay for the welfare and warfare state.
I recommend to everyone the book "Downsizing government:" it goes through thousands of programs that can be cut, privatized or eliminated based on inefficiencies. It has many plans to balance the budget without any tax increases, as the thesis is that the problem is spending, not revenue. As far as military cuts, we can easily save 100s of billions by practicing non-interventionism, bringing the troops home from europe, japan, and korea and letting those countries and the regional powers (like china) deal with their respective regional problems. Also raise SS to 70 (and changing rules to prevent generous cost of living increases). Cut the federal work force or pay by 10%, or freeze hiring. Government jobs aren't actually economic growth...they are not self-sustaining like a job in the private sector, and it just comes at the taxpayers dime, with bloated benefits above market value.