But who cares..... A combined program (Indy and U Maryland are the two established ones I know of) is really the best training you can get for Peds EM. First of all, you are trained in general EM. No question that you will have better skills at trauma, ortho, psych, gyn, and critical care than any Peds resident. Additionally you will be far more procedurally competent. You are also a fully trained Pediatrician - therefore know all the primarily outpatient medical stuff that is the bread and butter of a pediatric ED. I have always been skeptical as to what additonal skills one gains in a Peds EM fellowship, that you don't already possess after doing 6 months or so of Peds EM during your peds residency. I think what the fellowship provides you is dedicated time for research and academic training. This may or may not be important to you, depending on your career goals. If you want an academic appointment as a Pediatric EM physician at a Childrens Hospital, then you will likely need to do the fellowship route. If you want to be a rockstar clinician and have the skill and knowledge to treat congestive heart failure in a 90 year old post-MI patient AND an infant with a VSD, then the combined 5 year EM+Peds program is the clear choice. (And, by the way, opens WAY more doors in terms of career option, salary potential, and flexibility)