Perimortem C-Sections

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You make a good point. The current ACS/ATLS teaching is that you shouldn't do a thoracotomy (assuming all the other stuff like penetrating trauma with loss of pulse on or just before presentation) unless there is a surgeon available to take the patient to the OR immediately. Most of us read that as if there's a surgeon in the building that can be there in the next 10 minuets or so and the patient codes in front of me and presumably can't wait those 10 minutes I should do it. Thankfully the window for thoracotomies is getting smaller and smaller.
Keep in mind that ATLS is written by Trauma Surgeons, and their viewpoint of ED docs is that of "Your job is to simply have a list of phone numbers and know when to call."

I can tell ya I've cracked a few chests myself, and my typical routine is to get CT Surgery on the phone right away (we're on a first-name basis, and keep their cellphones handy for ruptured AAAs and dissecting aneurysms, etc), and tell 'em I'm bout to crack a chest; get here ASAP. I've done the same when responding to post-CABG patient codes on the floor. Tube the patient, make the phone call, crack open chest (the floor the post-CABG patients go to keep a sternotomy tray handy), cont. the resusc until the surgeon arrives, and if we get 'em back, throw in a CVL, A-line, and it's off to the OR.

Could we see a situation in the near future where thoracotomy leaves the EM scope? Sure. I think so. But it will take some more study and eventually some collaborative work between the ACS and ACEP to make that change.
I HIGHLY doubt it. With ACEP recognizing EMS as a formal (boarded) EM supspeciality, with a huge emphasis on clinical prehospital practice & experience, I think we're going to be moving more and more toward the European EMS model.

For example, in London, every major trauma that prompts air response has a doctor on board. And the goal of this is to bring medical care to the patient, and actually stabilize the patient in the field, prior to beginning transport to the Trauma Facility. This includes performing many invasive procedures in the field that are otherwise only performed in the ED. In particular, thoracotomies for witnessed penetrating trauma (yes, they do prehospital thoracotomies in London). This is in STARK contrast with the US EMS theme which primarily consists of EMTs & Paramedics only, and follows the "Load 'n Go" concept - get there, load 'em into the transporter (air or ground) and get to the hospital ASAP, doing only the absolute minimum interventions required en-route.

IMO, the London-based approach only makes sense, because the thoracotomy will make the biggest difference at the time of cardiac arrest or hemodynamic instability. Transporting an arrest with CPR in progress (which at best only provides 1/3 of circulation, assuming you don't have tamponade and overwhelming hypovolemia) for 20+ minutes, then debating about what to do for the next 5 minutes, then performing the thoracotomy...it's no wonder the survival rate is often reported as being dismal.

The earlier the thoracotomy is performed, the better the prognosis, or so it seems. But hey, don't take it from me. Take it from the London docs, who are apparently having great success rates with it, IN THE FIELD: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131854.

The bottom line is, from extremes like thoracotomies to field amputations, to merely better standardization of EMS care based on actual field experience, the European model offers a lot for us to study and build upon. And I only hope it proves to be something that catches on here in the US.
 
The bottom line is, from extremes like thoracotomies to field amputations, to merely better standardization of EMS care based on actual field experience, the European model offers a lot for us to study and build upon. And I only hope it proves to be something that catches on here in the US.

And the countdown for the Princess Di reference begins...
 
And the countdown for the Princess Di reference begins...
LOL but to be fair, if you think thoracomoties have poor outcomes, thoracotomies for blunt trauma have even WORSE outcomes, to the point that many see it as a relative (if not absolute) contraindication.
 
And the countdown for the Princess Di reference begins...

I was thinking that the whole time I was reading it. But as we know the N of 1 is meaningless. I was under the impression that their literature had not born out a physician level "stay and play" model as being effective. I could be wrong.

From a societal standpoint though I don't know that we could sustain such a system. As it is we can't even staff every ED with a BC EP. We certainly can't staff too many ambulances. There is also the question of money. Who pays for a doc to wait for calls? Who pays for a response? Municipalities will not be happy to fund that kind of cost. If it's left to billing then we are automatically making penetrating trauma, the most likely to benefit from such a model, the least desirable in term of compensation.
 
LOL but to be fair, if you think thoracomoties have poor outcomes, thoracotomies for blunt trauma have even WORSE outcomes, to the point that many see it as a relative (if not absolute) contraindication.

Yeah, I was kidding. I'm pretty sure her injuries weren't compatible with life. That being said, I don't think it's practical to have physicians staffing ground ambulances in the US. We're too spread out.
 
Yeah, I was kidding. I'm pretty sure her injuries weren't compatible with life. That being said, I don't think it's practical to have physicians staffing ground ambulances in the US. We're too spread out.

Maybe not every rig, but what do you think about a 3rd tier? People will occasionally talk about a 'super medic' for a 3-tier ambulance system. Why not a doc?
 
Maybe not every rig, but what do you think about a 3rd tier? People will occasionally talk about a 'super medic' for a 3-tier ambulance system. Why not a doc?

In an urban area, the patient can be brought to the hospital before such a person would arrive. In a rural area, the same is likely true unless the doctor were on a helicopter.
 
From a societal standpoint though I don't know that we could sustain such a system. As it is we can't even staff every ED with a BC EP. We certainly can't staff too many ambulances. There is also the question of money. Who pays for a doc to wait for calls? Who pays for a response? Municipalities will not be happy to fund that kind of cost. If it's left to billing then we are automatically making penetrating trauma, the most likely to benefit from such a model, the least desirable in term of compensation.
I guess I should clarify. I'm not saying lets redesign the system from the ground up, or throw docs on every truck. But I DO believe that in major urban & metropolitan areas, having a physician responder/response truck can be vital & essential. Right now, when the medics get in a tough spot, they call for a field supervisor who - in the most respectful way of saying it - is still limited by being a paramedic. Sure, more experience, better skillset, etc (although even THAT can be argued, because most supervisors find the bulk of their duties administrative rather than hands-on/street level work), but the fact remains that those who can offer more - beyond the scope of a paramedic - are left out of the picture.

If you take a look at many of the EMS Fellowships out there, you'll see the system I'm talking about already in place. The field supervisor IS the physician - one of the medical commanders. He's not being dispatched from a remote location after the fact. He's got a truck w/ lights & sirens, and when a call comes over that sounds serious, where his assistance may actually be useful, he'll put himself into service and head toward the call. So response time is virtually identical to that of standard EMS. In fact, many of these guys are what we call "whackers" here in PA - they show up before fire, police, EMS, or anyone else, cuz they're trauma junkies like me.

Now on TOP of this, the EMS physician is ready & available to respond to any and all calls where EMS requests additional assistance. Some hospitals have formed fancy-schmancy "go-teams" for this consisting of all sorts of people (Anesthesiologists, Trauma Surgeons, and Orthopedic Surgeons). But in reality, an EMS Fellow-trained EM Physician can serve all 3 of those functions in one, and just as well (in terms of the scope pre-hospitally). Stuff like prolonged extracations requiring advanced airway maneuvers, sedations, central lines, blood transfusions, pressors, and even field amputations and/or thoracotomies - all of these are things an EMS Physician is trained to do (and I'm confident you'll find this emphasized in the upcoming requirements for a board-certified EMS Fellowship program). How advanced a specific area is varies obviously, but I did some time with a region that was so advanced, they had all the above including an actual pre-hospital transfusion protocol, and the EMS Physician's truck had a fridge with O-neg that was licensed for use the state. So there's a lot of room to run with this.

So what I'm saying is, no I'm not trying to replace EMTs & Medics. And no I don't think a doc should be on board every flight or riding on every ambulance ride. BUT, I think there's definitely room to improve upon or enhance the existing EMS acuity levels (not just "Class I, Class II" etc), where needing *significantly* advanced life support & intervention training, skills, and procedures is present. And having a (trained) physician available to respond to that need would be far more than just ideal - it would be extremely helpful, both to the patients as well as the EMS staff as well (doc included). If it's the real deal, it helps keep your skills sharp as an EMS Physician. And even if it's not, you're providing the in-field real-life supervision, education, and quality improvement to the EMS staff which is quintessential to your job as EMS (Co/Assistant) Medical Director.

That's my perspective, and I'm stickin to it 🙂
 
That's my perspective, and I'm stickin to it 🙂

Your perspective is flawed. If you wanted docs to do something good, they need to be on rural trucks where they can't get to a hospital quickly. Interfacility transport is a big area for that. In a city, if EMS needs more help, they need to drive faster to the hospital. Physicians are not very helpful in austere environments, and frequently are harmful.
 
Your perspective is flawed.
I'll respectfully disagree.

If you wanted docs to do something good, they need to be on rural trucks where they can't get to a hospital quickly. Interfacility transport is a big area for that.
I don't disagree with you. We'd have a GREATER effect in rural areas where there's limited resources & extended transport times. But:

1) That doesn't NEGATE having a positive effect in a non-rural setting. Making that presumption would simply be inaccurate (see below for support for that argument).

2) From a purely practical standpoint, unless you have a well-paid doc (cuz we all wanna be well-paid) who sits around and does nothing 99% of the time in the middle of rural bumville until the rare activation that prompts his presence occurs, and a system that could financially support such an endeavor, then making that premise a reality isn't very...realistic. Plus it may prove to be a misappropriation of resources (having a doc who can help multiple patients per hour in the ED, or in the least, several prehospital calls a day in a more urban environment).

Interestingly enough, there's a recent article that touches upon this very issue, more or less: http://press.psprings.co.uk/emj/march/emj106963.pdf

3) Which brings us back to #1. While we as physicians may have a greater impact on a specific individual patient in a rural environment, the paucity of such incidents make us more effective per patient/transport in an urban environment, simply from the sheer number of calls.

In a city, if EMS needs more help, they need to drive faster to the hospital. How fast you can drive is already prelimited by the function of you being in an urban area.
1) Contrary to popular belief, ALL emergency vehicles (save for fire trucks & engines) must obtain the right of way before proceeding. So that means stopping at traffic lights & stop signs. Then you have urban traffic and pedestrians to worry about. Vs. when you're in a rural area or an interfacility transport of substantial difference, legal or not, you can really get on the throttle during your highway/backroad haul.

2) Even though transport times are TYPICALLY lower in urban areas than rural (try getting to and from a scene in heavy NY traffic, and see how long that takes ya), that theoretically shorter transport time leaves you with less time to stabilize the patient & perform the necessary procedures before getting to the hospital -all the while trying to maintain your balance while being thrashed around. And you're suggesting to drive even FASTER?! Anyone in the back of an ambulance going Class I to the hospital (lights & sirens) with an excited driver at the wheel knows how incredibly difficult it is to get ANYTHING done, let alone keep yourself from getting hurt - which happens more often than you'd think. And that's not even taking into account your urban potholes galore.

Physicians are not very helpful in austere environments, and frequently are harmful.
Again, I respectfully disagree. But I'll let the data speak for itself...

Garner A, Crooks J, Lee A, et al. Efficacy of prehospital critical care teams for severe blunt head injury in the Australian setting. Injury 2001;32:455e60. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether prehospital critical care teams (CCT) would result in improved functional outcomes for road trauma related severe head injury in the Australian setting, when compared with standard advanced life support measures provided by paramedics. CONCLUSION: The range of advanced interventions provided by the CCT were associated with improved functional outcome. Further studies are required to determine the individual factors responsible.

Oppe S, De Charro FT. The effect of medical care by a helicopter trauma team on the probability of survival and quality of life of hospitalised victims. Accid Anal Prevention2001;33:129e38. In 1995, an experiment was started to give extra medical help by helicopter to patients who needed emergency treatment. The aim of the experiment was not to reduce the transportation time to the hospital, but to bring specialised medical care directly to patients as soon as possible. An evaluation study was carried out to assess the effect of the treatment given by the Helicopter Trauma Team (HTT) on survival and quality of life. The study focused on hospitalised patients suffering from polytrauma. It was shown that the HTT-treatment was effective. The survival rate increased for patients in the 'in between' group, but not for patients with a low probability of survival. There was no difference in the quality of life of patients from the HTT and non-HTT groups 15 months after the accident. These findings refute the hypothesis that only the most severely injured patients with a low quality of life profit from HTT-treatment.

Baxt WG, Moody P. The impact of a physician as part of the aeromedical prehospital team in patients with blunt trauma. JAMA 1987;257:3246. CONCLUSION: The mortality of the patients treated by the flight nurse/flight physician team was 35% lower than that predicted, and significantly lower than that of the flight nurse/flight paramedic-staffed helicopter.

Lossius HM, Søreide E, Hotvedt R, et al. Prehospital advanced life support provided by specially trained physicians: is there a benefit in terms of life years gained? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46:771e8. BACKGROUND: The benefit of prehospital advanced life support (ALS) is disputed, as is the prehospital use of specially trained, hospital-based physicians. The purpose of the study was to assess the health benefit from an anesthesiologist-manned prehospital emergency medical service (EMS), and to separate the benefit of the anesthesiologist from that of rapid transport. CONCLUSION: The expert panels found LYG in every 14th patient assisted by this anesthesiologist-manned prehospital EMS. There was no difference in LYG between the helicopter and the rapid response car missions. The role of the anesthesiologist was crucial for health benefits.

Osterwalder JJ. Mortality of blunt polytrauma: a comparison between emergency physicians and emergency medical technicians. J Trauma 2003;55:355e61. BACKGROUND: The role of prehospital basic life support as opposed to prehospital advanced life support and the best qualifications for emergency personnel are controversial. Our objective was to establish whether the prehospital deployment of emergency physicians (EPs) rather than emergency medical technicians (EMTs) decreased mortality in blunt polytrauma patients. CONCLUSION:In contrast with the deployment of EPs, care of blunt polytrauma patients by EMTs showed a statistical trend to a higher mortality than predicted and also a significantly higher risk of mortality. It is likely that the consistent deployment of EPs for moderate to severe blunt polytrauma in our catchment area might prevent between 0% and 23% of all deaths from blunt polytrauma or, in absolute terms, up to 1 death per year or 0 to 9.9 per 100 patients treated by an EP instead of an EMT.

Berlot G, Fata CL, Bacer B, et al. Influence of prehospital treatment on the outcome of patients with severe blunt traumatic brain injury: a single-centre study. Eur J Emerg Med 2009;16:312e17. CONCLUSION: In our experience, aggressive early treatment of patients with severe traumatic brain injury was associated with a better outcome likely because of the prevention of secondary brain injury and a shorter interval elapsing from the trauma to definitive care despite more time spent on the scene by the intervening team.

Botker MT, Bakke SA, Christensen EF. A systematic review of controlled studies: do physicians increase survival with prehospital treatment? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2009;17:12. ConclusionOur systematic review revealed only few controlled studies of variable quality and strength examining survival with prehospital physician treatment. Increased survival with physician treatment was found in trauma and, based on more limited evidence, cardiac arrest. Indications of increased survival were found in respiratory diseases and acute myocardial infarction. Many conditions seen in the prehospital setting remain unexamined.

So again, that's my $0.02, and I'm (still) stickin to it 🙂
 
Agree with Ninja. Physicians in a major city responding to all serious patients are a complete waste of resources. Thoracotomies in the field? Assinine...worse, delusional. Amputations in the field? Just call a general surgeon or orthopod for the one in a million transports where that is going to be needed. You sound like someone who should be in the military, deployed to Iraq, where you can see lots of maimed people and get your jollies. You desire an occupation that doesn't exist, and that shouldn't exist, and will never exist here in the USA.

I would be interested in a discussion about a critical piece of information that I lack regarding the above studies. How are EMT's and their training different in the UK, Australia, etc. compared to ours. Is it competitive to become an EMS provider in those countries compared to here? Our EMT's are usually top-notch here due to the fact that it is a well-compensated job with minimal training (making close to $50,000 a year a few months out of high-school, with ludicrously generous pensions thanks to their unions). Would studies done in the UK be comparable to our system?

We have thousands of ERs in this country that are staffed by foreign medical graduates, family practice docs who are inadequately trained, and even PAs and NPs because the volume at those ERs are so small. You want to take hundreds more ER physicians away from those rural settings where they could make a huge difference in the care recieved and make them into literal ambulance chasers. Do you know how spread out our cities are? Do you think that a physician is going to get to more than a quarter of the significant traumas and serious medical problems that happen in a major city like Las Vegas? There are hundreds of EMS crews stationed throughout a major city, blocks away from the scene, as opposed to one physician anxiously awaiting a call so they can go save the day.

Who is going to pay for that physician who is going to want at least $100 an hour to be sitting at home watching ER re-runs? Is that worth the 3 calls they try to respond to per day (the 1 call that they can actually participate in care of patient on)? What if they make a difference in 1 out of 15 patients that they see (we'll say they average 30 patients a month), how often is that improved care going to be the difference between life and death? We are talking about seeing a physician 10 minutes sooner than they would have previously. Intuit the numbers and give me a number... it has got to be in once a decade that they would make a difference. 99.9 percent of my patients could have waited and additional 10 minutes to see me with no adverse outcomes.

There are very few medical interventions can you make without an IV, which generally takes about half the ambulance ride to get. I can't imagine trying to get a central line in the back of a bumpy ambulance going lights and sirens, screaming down the highway while trying to keep sterile. Crich? Those are so far and few between that I haven't seen one in 6 years of being a physician. Chest-tube? How is that much better than a needle decompression and pressing on the gas? Besides, chest-tubes are within the scope of practice of paramedics.

You could cite another dozen of biased, flawed studies performed, written, and spun by fellow "trauma junkies" and I would still think your idea is stupid.

If you want to hang out with your paramedic homies that you are the medical director for, responding to calls when you can so you can understand their world better, I think that is cool. If you want to specialize in helicopter medicine to transfer critical patients in suburban and rural areas and hospitals, I think I would buy the physician argument (which would in part, help solve the crappy medical care that currently exists in rural areas). I don't think a physician is much better in transport than an experienced paramedic, having experienced the utter boredom of most EMS transports. But to push for a standard of care where you are simply acting as an over-paid paramedic, riding around in a cool truck that will impress people is simply ******ed.
 
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I'm going to agree with Jarabacoa. Docs belong in hospitals. Docs that have cross-trained extensively in pre-hospital care may have value in specific austere environments but to try and generalize into routinely putting docs on buses/copters is a waste of training and resources. How many paramedics can a FD afford compared to paying one EP to sit on their butt?
 
Agree with Ninja. Physicians in a major city responding to all serious patients are a complete waste of resources.
Where'd you make the jump from having an on-call service available as needed (and/or when it's the EMS Physician's day to ride around prehospital) to responding to ALL serious complaints. Having A system in place doesn't necessitate using it ALL the time. Like any good power/privileged, the most important element lies in how & when you use it.

Thoracotomies in the field? Assinine...worse, delusional.
Hmm...ok, lets study that "argument." To perform a proven life-saving procedure at the time when it is MOST useful, and proven to be of benefit, vs. waiting while they've had 20+ minutes of CPR while en-route via that super bumpy ambulance you mentioned. We're talking about the sole procedure that has any chance of saving their life, and you're ok with postponing it 20 minutes...or abandoning it altogether? There's a comforting thought.

And if you're gonna argue thoracotomies are useless because of their extremely low survival rate, then we shouldn't bother coding people either, now should we? Cuz if you look at the statistics, requiring CPR has a dismal prognosis too...

Amputations in the field? Just call a general surgeon or orthopod for the one in a million transports where that is going to be needed.
That typically ends up requiring two ppl; the surgeon & the anesthesiologist. And if you're talking about cost-effectiveness, these are best suited & most familiar with in-patient, in OR conditions. An EMS Physician can fulfill both roles, AND is familiar with prehospital care.

You sound like someone who should be in the military, deployed to Iraq, where you can see lots of maimed people and get your jollies. You desire an occupation that doesn't exist, and that shouldn't exist, and will never exist here in the USA.
It's not about jollies. It's about seeing an opportunity to do good, and having good hard evidence to showing that it improves survival AND neurologic outcome.

And I hate to burst your bubble, but the occupation I'm talking about DOES exist, and is alive, well, and thriving in SEVERAL large urban centers in the US. I know; I've been talking to a bunch of them. And I worked with one of 'em for a bit as well. Granted, it's not something you do 24/7 as your sole profession, but it's definitely something that you do in addition to your clinical shifts & other EMS duties as a Medical (Co/Assoc.) Director. Just cuz you don't know about it doesn't mean it doesn't exist.

I would be interested in a discussion about a critical piece of information that I lack regarding the above studies. How are EMT's and their training different in the UK, Australia, etc. compared to ours. Is it competitive to become an EMS provider in those countries compared to here? Our EMT's are usually top-notch here due to the fact that it is a well-compensated job with minimal training (making close to $50,000 a year a few months out of high-school, with ludicrously generous pensions thanks to their unions). Would studies done in the UK be comparable to our system?
That's a very good question I don't know the answer to.

We have thousands of ERs in this country that are staffed by foreign medical graduates, family practice docs who are inadequately trained, and even PAs and NPs because the volume at those ERs are so small. You want to take hundreds more ER physicians away from those rural settings where they could make a huge difference in the care recieved and make them into literal ambulance chasers. Do you know how spread out our cities are?
No one is gonna "take" anyone away from anywhere. This is something ppl sign up for and train to do out of their own interest and passion. Why else do you think a fresh EM grad would squander the opportunity of making $200K-$300K to make less than $100K during a fellowship if it wasn't a passion of theirs? If it's not something you wanna do, so be it. No reason to get all uptight if someone else does lol. Relax man.

Who is going to pay for that physician who is going to want at least $100 an hour to be sitting at home watching ER re-runs? Is that worth the 3 calls they try to respond to per day (the 1 call that they can actually participate in care of patient on)? What if they make a difference in 1 out of 15 patients that they see (we'll say they average 30 patients a month), how often is that improved care going to be the difference between life and death?
It's part & parcel of EMS direction, training, and quality control. So whether you're making the oh-so-critical difference you belittle (despite evidence based medicine stating that's the case), or you're just twiddling your thumbs, you're still there serving a purpose.

There are very few medical interventions can you make without an IV, which generally takes about half the ambulance ride to get. I can't imagine trying to get a central line in the back of a bumpy ambulance going lights and sirens, screaming down the highway while trying to keep sterile.
You obviously haven't read any of the articles I referenced, because the evidence they were providing wasn't supporting having a doc jump on board and do stuff instead of the medic while en-route; it was bringing physician-level care TO THE FIELD, and stabilizing the patient IN THE FIELD prior to proceeding with transport to the ED.

Sure, you'll say oh we've already proven scoop 'n run is the better way to go - we have, with medics. But not when physician-level care can be provided in the field; we have VERY little data on that in the US. Try reading the articles first.

Crich? Those are so far and few between that I haven't seen one in 6 years of being a physician.
I dunno where you practice, but we see a few every MONTH, and no it's not simply because of extremely difficult intubations that even Anesthesia can't get; a lot of it is secondary to patients with contraindications to orotracheal intubation (severe oral/facial trauma, etc). I've DONE a few myself...

You could cite another dozen of biased, flawed studies performed, written, and spun by fellow "trauma junkies" and I would still think your idea is stupid.
Hmmm...wow, you don't sound biased at all yourself. Makes your argument a heck of a lot stronger...

If you want to hang out with your paramedic homies that you are the medical director for, responding to calls when you can so you can understand their world better, I think that is cool.
That's a big part of it, but just watching when you can be helping is only 50% of the game.

If you want to specialize in helicopter medicine to transfer critical patients in suburban and rural areas and hospitals, I think I would buy the physician argument (which would in part, help solve the crappy medical care that currently exists in rural areas).
I'll buy that.

But to push for a standard of care where you are simply acting as an over-paid paramedic, riding around in a cool truck that will impress people is simply ******ed.
Where you got "standard of care" from, I don't know. And where you got so personally offended from me simply presenting literature and my perspective, to the point that you throw insults and insinuate this is because I wanna "impress" people...THAT'S ******ed. And as an Attending - who I'm assuming means you're older than me, and should be more mature - you should be ashamed. There should be NO problem with us exchanging perspectives, opinions, and looking at evidence objectively with a difference of opinion.

More importantly, just because YOU don't like something doesn't mean you should put it down as unimportant and trivial. You should respect your fellow EM colleagues, no matter how crazy (to you)their ideas are. And more importantly, as a professional physician, you should know better than to take a cheap shot at an article by simply calling it "biased" and "flawed." The more intelligent would either actually read the article, argue its merits and flaws on an intellectual & factual level (hence have a *meaningful* discussion), or opt to simply remain quiet. You chose neither. And that's shameful.
 
Docs belong in hospitals. Docs that have cross-trained extensively in pre-hospital care may have value in specific austere environments but to try and generalize into routinely putting docs on buses/copters is a waste of training and resources.
And that's ALL I was saying. I was merely arguing the MERITS of actually having a doc there in the first place. How that came across as me saying we should ROUTINELY put docs on transport, I don't know. I don't think I said that anywhere, but if that's how it came across, you have my apologies for the poor communication on my part. But that certainly wasn't my aim or intention at all. It was more of to argue that a) there ARE merits to having such cross-trained docs in the field, and b) we SHOULD have a system in place to allow those who are willing to go that extra mile to practice that subspecialty.
 
How many paramedics can a FD afford compared to paying one EP to sit on their butt?
In general, I think EMS is a MASSIVE waste of resources and money. My experience on EMS as a resident, and as a medical student was eye-opening. In big cities, there are a few stations where the paramedics are very busy and save lives. But for the remaining 90% of stations (rural, suburban, and those stationed anywhere outside of inner-cities) the calls are few and far between and most aren't true emergencies. As a country, we have invested heavily in EMS because cities and states have decided to strive to get everyone within a few minutes of aspirin and defibrillation. As we speak, there are hundreds of thousands of EMTs and paramedics getting paid millions of dollars to watch porn, lift weights, and cook dinner for each other. Is this worth the tiny, occasional benefit that EMS provides?

We have this obsession with proving to other countries that we have better healthcare, better disease outcomes, better EMS system, etc. I just don't think we should care as much as we do about a fraction of a percent better outcomes.

I think it is similar to studying for a class... the first few hours of studying are very high yield, then the increase in grade decreases with each successive hour of studying, until you are looking at massive amounts of time to study additional material, memorizing every detail, comparing notes with classmates to ensure that you haven't missed anything. To be that top of the class obsessive person, you are likely putting in much more effort than people just a few percentage points down from you. At some point, some people (myself) start kicking themselves and saying, "Why should I care if I get a low A or a high A? Screw this, I'm getting some sleep."

I think our healthcare system is similar. We are in the low A range compared to the rest of the world, already spending embarassing amounts of money. More money thrown at the problem will bring increasingly less bang for our buck.

In my small community, a few years back, they built a brand-new station with all the bells and whistles. Because we are near forests, and a major interstate, they got special funding from homeland security. This place is ludicrously nice. They have 9 different waxed and beautiful huge specialized vehicles that I didn't even know existed. 3 are used regularly, the other 6 sit are not getting used, and the situations where they would be used are pretty unique and once a year, if not a decade. My wife went there on a tour with our kids for school and was astounded with the millions of dollars spent on this station, just sitting idle. All for a community of 30,000 people.

I am opposed to more resources or effort going toward this already terribly wasteful system.
 
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In general, I think EMS is a MASSIVE waste of resources and money. My experience on EMS as a resident, and as a medical student was eye-opening. In big cities, there are a few stations where the paramedics are very busy and save lives. But for the remaining 90% of stations (rural, suburban, and those stationed anywhere outside of inner-cities) the calls are few and far between and most aren't true emergencies. As a country, we have invested heavily in EMS because cities and states have decided to strive to get everyone within a few minutes of aspirin and defibrillation. As we speak, there are hundreds of thousands of EMTs and paramedics getting paid millions of dollars to watch porn, lift weights, and cook dinner for each other. Is this worth the tiny, occasional benefit that EMS provides?

We have this obsession with proving to other countries that we have better healthcare, better disease outcomes, better EMS system, etc. I just don't think we should care as much as we do about a fraction of a percent better outcomes.

I think it is similar to studying for a class... the first few hours of studying are very high yield, then the increase in grade decreases with each successive hour of studying, until you are looking at massive amounts of time to study additional material, memorizing every detail, comparing notes with classmates to ensure that you haven't missed anything. To be that top of the class obsessive person, you are likely putting in much more effort than people just a few percentage points down from you. At some point, some people (myself) start kicking themselves and saying, "Why should I care if I get a low A or a high A? Screw this, I'm getting some sleep."

I think our healthcare system is similar. We are in the low A range compared to the rest of the world, already spending embarassing amounts of money. More money thrown at the problem will bring increasingly less bang for our buck.

In my small community, a few years back, they built a brand-new station with all the bells and whistles. Because we are near forests, and a major interstate, they got special funding from homeland security. This place is ludicrously nice. They have 9 different waxed and beautiful huge specialized vehicles that I didn't even know existed. 3 are used regularly, the other 6 sit are not getting used, and the situations where they would be used are pretty unique and once a year, if not a decade. My wife went there on a tour with our kids for school and was astounded with the millions of dollars spent on this station, just sitting idle. All for a community of 30,000 people.

I am opposed to more resources or effort going toward this already terribly wasteful system.

I share the same opinon of resource utilization as you do and have argued that these big diaster setups/mobile hospitals seem to be a waste of money. Sure, its great when you need it, but should we really spend all this money 'just in case'?

I never considered a similiar situation with the EMS stuff, but I certainly see your point. My brother is a medic in a smaller town. He will work a 48 hour shift and talk about the movies he watched and be on facebook the whole time. On the flip side, if its my family member that he gives the ASA to and helps their ACS, then the multi millions is worth it to me. Likewise, if a tornado hits my town and a mobile hospital sets up, and saves my families life, its worth it. Although, in my fiscal thoughts, this is a huge waste of resources....

I know this sounds weird, but my family busines is buying/selling wrecked cars and stuff. We bought a REALLY nice Ambulance a couple years back. it was a ford F350 diesel, had like 15K miles, with a Traumahawk box.. Super nice rig, had VERY light damage on the back door/corner. Easily repairable. We stumbled acrossed it and thought we stole it since it went for like 120K new. We could not give the thing away; called multiple EMS districts, tried eBay, etc... everybody turned their nose up and pretty much said they got big funding grants to buy new rigs and those would not apply to something used/wrecked so it was no use to them. Someone in Mexico ended up buying it....
 
😱

Pretty sure there was a case in '97 (old but the only case I know of) where two medics lost their cards for this. They were acting under medical control but it still violated State limits on scope for EMS. Frankly even with medical controls blessing I don't think I would attempt this. . .

Lost their state certs, but kept national, those guys did an amazing job. From the article you can read online and from some forums I believe they continued their career elsewhere.

http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/27/nyregion/2-paramedics-face-inquiry-over-surgery-in-emergency.html
 
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When I was still working as a Medic we had perimortem c-sections in our standing orders, however this is one of the handful of skills that the DOT says a paramedic is not allowed to perform.

Washington State? I have yet to read it but I heard it should be there in the back, in fine print.
 
Agree with Ninja. Physicians in a major city responding to all serious patients are a complete waste of resources. Thoracotomies in the field? Assinine...worse, delusional. Amputations in the field? Just call a general surgeon or orthopod for the one in a million transports where that is going to be needed. You sound like someone who should be in the military, deployed to Iraq, where you can see lots of maimed people and get your jollies. You desire an occupation that doesn't exist, and that shouldn't exist, and will never exist here in the USA.

FWIW, New Orleans and Detroit actually see more penetrating trauma than Baghdad. Kinda sad if you think about it. Admittedly, less bombs.

I think the SEALs periodically train in the ED and with Trauma Surgery in New Orleans because of the disproportionately large amount of penetrating trauma.
 
I think the SEALs periodically train in the ED and with Trauma Surgery in New Orleans because of the disproportionately large amount of penetrating trauma.
The US Special Forces sends a lot of their 18/D's (medics) to train at the trauma center in Fresno, also due to the high incidence of penetrating trauma.
 
FWIW, New Orleans and Detroit actually see more penetrating trauma than Baghdad. Kinda sad if you think about it. Admittedly, less bombs.

I think the SEALs periodically train in the ED and with Trauma Surgery in New Orleans because of the disproportionately large amount of penetrating trauma.

Post-Katrina, we've picked up a lot of it here in Baton Rouge. I've had nights on the truck where 7 shootings-2 fatal, were not uncommon. I haven't seen any SEAL's in the ER here unless they're residents (we actually had 1 who did theirs here)

Back to the original question at hand: The peri-mortem C-Section pops up on our shift notes occasionally as an ethics question. The supervisors love the scope of practice vs. on-line medical direction discussions. Past results with our Medics have been split 50/50.
 
That gave me chills.

And you and I, and everyone else here knows that's exactly what happened.
I still never want to get that EMS call.
 
I would never, ever do one on a mother with vital signs. The purpose of an EP-performed perimortem c-section is to save the baby when the mother has already died. If a mother were merely peri-arrest and OB were present and felt comfortable and appropriate with performing a c-section, I would allow it, but I would never do it myself. I hope never to do or see one.
 
As a paramedic I'd like to clear up a few things:

First, EMS education in America is not the envy of the world. Quite the opposite,depending on who you talk to. In the US you have everything from Bachelor's trained paramedics (only about 14ish such programs) to guys who picked it up in a certificate program over a period of months, although the latter is becoming rare. Australia is moving to a comprehensive undergraduate-based system where a BS is the entry form of study. The U.K has a similar process. Also, the term "paramedic" is used more loosely in some nations. For example, much of Canada calls all levels of providers (BLS & ALS) some form of paramedic. There is an internal movement picking up steam in EMS to eliminate the "EMT" moniker due to the term "technician." Newly licensed paramedics in the US are now "Nationally Registered Paramedics (NRP)" instead of NREMT-P. The EMS profession is slowly moving toward tighter professional standards in much the same way nursing did 20 years ago. New accreditation standards in effect next year (2013) will require CAAHEP accreditation of all paramedic programs in order for students to sit for national certification. There is some talk that this will push education towards a community college level for entry, based on the resources required to obtain and then maintain standards.I know of some fire academies and technical level schools who have managed it, so it's not a sure thing.

Also, when referring to European models you should differentiate between the "Anglo-American" delivery model (U.S., U.K., Australia, Canada, New Zealand, & South Africa) and the "Franco-German" model (Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, and Austria). The former involves physician extenders, aka paramedics and the latter physicians deployed to the field. The key difference is patient to doctor vs doctor to patient. Notably some countries are expanding the role of emergency nurses. "Paramedics" in the Neatherlands are actually specially trained nurses, although it is arguably a patient to doctor system.

Some experts say the clear way forward is in advanced practice EMS. These "paramedic practitioners" or "community health paramedics" are already being piloted in the U.K. I believe the term is "Emergency Care Practitioner (ECP)." In the U.S. several pilot programs have been started using a community health model (ex: Wake County's Advanced Practice Paramedics). Wisconsin became the first state to create a licensure level for Community Health Paramedics. The idea, depending on the scope, is to identify and reduce injuries and illness before 9-1-1. The U.K. Model gets a bit further with treat and release or treat and refer.

Educated EMS professionals will tell you that they think the EMS sub speciality is a great thing. We need people educated about what we do. Some of the comments here are a testament to that. For instance, most people don't realize that EMS follows very specific and unique economic models. There is an entire speciality of EMS managers that deals with these issues, so not everything is clinical based. Also, unlike much of the nursing profession, we really see ourselves cut from the physician profession. We embrace our role as "physician extenders." Physicians have a real leadership role to play in the next 10-20 years. Paramedics have unique skill sets and think diagnostically, albeit in a more limited and specific scope. I see docs on here griping about the NP delivery model all the time. Well, here is a chance to promote a mid-level physician extender in the new frontier of medicine: the home. Mold us and make us better. Like the physicians of yesteryear, recreate us.

We need board certified, full-time EMS medical directors. Preferably people with experience as EMTs or paramedics before or concurrent with medical school. There definitely is a place for sub specialist. I think one of the worse things that can happen to an EM resident is to do a "few" ride-alongs. You won't get an appreciation for the job. That'd be like me shadowing you in an urgent care and saying it's boring. Do some rural services have a lot of down time? Sure. But once and awhile every paramedic will be asked to do something extraordinary. The stories of intubating upside down in a car, while rare, are true. Try cardioverting someone on their easy chair or intubating on asphalt while people watch. Not every ambulance is 10 feet away. The days of running to the ED are diminishing too. EMS is starting to own up to resuscitation as something to be done in the field. Some states have already moved away from the diesel fuel first model. It doesn't work.

With that said: I agree with the poster who says there is a role for physicians in the field. I'd love to have a medical director who cared enough to come check on us.
 
Great post. Lots of issues for discussion here. To recap why this is cropping up in this thread there have been some comments in the thread raising the possibility of greater invasive, emergent procedures by EMS and counter points making the argument that EMS is of limited benefit and is not cost effective.

If anyone would like me to split this off into a separate thread let me know.

As a paramedic I'd like to clear up a few things:

First, EMS education in America is not the envy of the world. Quite the opposite,depending on who you talk to. In the US you have everything from Bachelor's trained paramedics (only about 14ish such programs) to guys who picked it up in a certificate program over a period of months, although the latter is becoming rare. Australia is moving to a comprehensive undergraduate-based system where a BS is the entry form of study. The U.K has a similar process. Also, the term "paramedic" is used more loosely in some nations. For example, much of Canada calls all levels of providers (BLS & ALS) some form of paramedic. There is an internal movement picking up steam in EMS to eliminate the "EMT" moniker due to the term "technician." Newly licensed paramedics in the US are now "Nationally Registered Paramedics (NRP)" instead of NREMT-P. The EMS profession is slowly moving toward tighter professional standards in much the same way nursing did 20 years ago. New accreditation standards in effect next year (2013) will require CAAHEP accreditation of all paramedic programs in order for students to sit for national certification. There is some talk that this will push education towards a community college level for entry, based on the resources required to obtain and then maintain standards.I know of some fire academies and technical level schools who have managed it, so it's not a sure thing.

The question from a system level standpoint is “Should we train our EMS providers more or less?” That’s a valid question. It seems like more training will make better providers.* But is it cost effective? Are outcomes better? Are endpoints like length of stay and ability to care for self improved?

One problem we face is that of the EMS Paradox. This is something I’ve written about and lectured on. The paradox is that the areas where we have the longest transport times need the highest level of EMS training, autonomy and equipment. However these areas are the least funded and lowest volume. So they can’t attract the highly trained personnel based on what they pay and they can’t provide the volume for them to retain their skills. This is why cities with <5 minute transport times have tons of CCT-Ps and rural areas with 60 minute transport times have volunteer first responders.

So are we really suffering from a training deficit?

That said my favorite model is the “Super Medics in Fly Cars” system. This is where you have a limited number of highly trained medics managing an area with several EMT level staffed ambulances. The EMTs triage and call the medics in when needed. You could implement this in both urban and rural areas with good effect. Downtown you reduce the number of medics and cost letting EMT transport the chronic CHF with a sat of 96% the 8 minutes to the hospital and focusing the medic on the acute stuff. In the rural area you provide ALS to areas that could never afford it any other way. As the whole volume for a large area is focused on a limited number of medics they keep their skills.

Education will change dramatically in the next year. As you know CAAHEP is requiring every paramedic level program to provide access to a college and college credit. It is not requiring that providers graduate with a degree. At least not yet. This will also be a slow transition as you have to be in the credentialing process by 2013. You don’t have to be accredited. So lots of programs will file to start in the next 12+ months and then the process will carry on for a few years.

And beware that if the CAAHEP process eliminates too many programs they will have to back off. If communities start screaming that they can’t put medics on the street because their programs were put out of business political pressure will be applied to CAAHEP and extensions and waivers will likely be created.

Also, when referring to European models you should differentiate between the "Anglo-American" delivery model (U.S., U.K., Australia, Canada, New Zealand, & South Africa) and the "Franco-German" model (Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, and Austria). The former involves physician extenders, aka paramedics and the latter physicians deployed to the field. The key difference is patient to doctor vs doctor to patient. Notably some countries are expanding the role of emergency nurses. "Paramedics" in the Neatherlands are actually specially trained nurses, although it is arguably a patient to doctor system.

Some experts say the clear way forward is in advanced practice EMS. These "paramedic practitioners" or "community health paramedics" are already being piloted in the U.K. I believe the term is "Emergency Care Practitioner (ECP)." In the U.S. several pilot programs have been started using a community health model (ex: Wake County's Advanced Practice Paramedics). Wisconsin became the first state to create a licensure level for Community Health Paramedics. The idea, depending on the scope, is to identify and reduce injuries and illness before 9-1-1. The U.K. Model gets a bit further with treat and release or treat and refer.

You are correct about the differences. In the US we are limited in our ability to treat and release by EMS purely because of our tort crisis. We will never be able to overcome this without legal reform. As for the community health efforts I’ve long been against these programs. For those who don’t know what they are they have EMS go out, either during spare time or when called for other issues, and assess stuff like immunization status and toilet grab bars and loose area rugs and so on. I don’t feel like it fits with the current EMS model and mindset. If it is the future it needs some work and study.

Interestingly one source of opposition to these programs, particularly andy attempt at treat and release will be ACEP and hospital admins. The dirty secret of EM is that we depend on volume and low acuity patients to pay the bills and keep the lights on for the sick people. Anything that seeks to divert people from the ERs, appropriately or not, will eventually get resistance.

Educated EMS professionals will tell you that they think the EMS sub speciality is a great thing. We need people educated about what we do. Some of the comments here are a testament to that. For instance, most people don't realize that EMS follows very specific and unique economic models. There is an entire speciality of EMS managers that deals with these issues, so not everything is clinical based. Also, unlike much of the nursing profession, we really see ourselves cut from the physician profession. We embrace our role as "physician extenders." Physicians have a real leadership role to play in the next 10-20 years. Paramedics have unique skill sets and think diagnostically, albeit in a more limited and specific scope. I see docs on here griping about the NP delivery model all the time. Well, here is a chance to promote a mid-level physician extender in the new frontier of medicine: the home. Mold us and make us better. Like the physicians of yesteryear, recreate us.

We need board certified, full-time EMS medical directors. Preferably people with experience as EMTs or paramedics before or concurrent with medical school. There definitely is a place for sub specialist. I think one of the worse things that can happen to an EM resident is to do a "few" ride-alongs. You won't get an appreciation for the job. That'd be like me shadowing you in an urgent care and saying it's boring. Do some rural services have a lot of down time? Sure. But once and awhile every paramedic will be asked to do something extraordinary. The stories of intubating upside down in a car, while rare, are true. Try cardioverting someone on their easy chair or intubating on asphalt while people watch. Not every ambulance is 10 feet away. The days of running to the ED are diminishing too. EMS is starting to own up to resuscitation as something to be done in the field. Some states have already moved away from the diesel fuel first model. It doesn't work.

With that said: I agree with the poster who says there is a role for physicians in the field. I'd love to have a medical director who cared enough to come check on us.

I know you know this but others might not. When we talk about docs in the field it’s different than what he’s saying about medical directors going out on the rigs. If I’m on the rig as a medical director I’m not really bringing any additional capabilities. It’s educational or QA. A real doc on the box program is different. I don’t think it’s a viable set up in the US at this time.


*Some might argue more training is not better. That’s the whole argument for midlevel autonomy. They are arguing that doctors are over trained and they can do the same job cheaper with less training. Just an example of how complicated the amount of training a provider needs can get.
 
Some states have already moved away from the diesel fuel first model. It doesn't work.

Can you provide some evidence for that statement that "it doesn't work"? I am looking, and I can't find any.

And I was a paramedic for 9 years, all through med school and through most of my residency. I was also a volunteer FF (such as it was) in a busy suburban department. I know both ends of the hose.
 
Nothing heals like diesel. Stop ****ing around on the side of the road and drive.
I fully support EMS and think they do a great job (usually), and their limitations are obvious, but the one thing that makes me talk to their medical director is when they sit on the side of the road "trying to help" instead of just driving.
 
Can you provide some evidence for that statement that "it doesn't work"? I am looking, and I can't find any.

And I was a paramedic for 9 years, all through med school and through most of my residency. I was also a volunteer FF (such as it was) in a busy suburban department. I know both ends of the hose.

As someone who was a paramedic, you should know that quality CPR isn't happening in the back of a moving ambulances. I say this respectfully. Also, ACLS doesn't get any more magical in the ED. I remember reading somewhere that patients who suffer out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are 35 times more likely to survive if the resuscitation occurs in the field instead of the ED. There are a variety of causative reasons for this. I don't have access to Annals of Emergency Medicine, but I believe Art Kellermann had an editorial in the October 2010 edition mentioning this. My current school's journal database doesn't have access to the journal or I'd at least reference the article in more detail. The reality is that anyone who works in the field now has plenty of anecdotal experiences to support this. I don't really think this is up for debate. Most of the literature I've read acts as if this is just the way it should be. I believe it was Dr. Brent Myers who said that, "...resuscitation of the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patient is owned by EMS." The big thing now is: LUCAS or AutoPulse, good continuous CPR, IV access, and secured airway (King or ET). Patients with multiple conversions between rhythms or specialized considerations need to be transported to definitive care.

I'm not referencing all parts of our scope: just resuscitation. Absolutely there is a place for transport (especially trauma), although there is some emerging debate about this for minor complaints.
 
"...resuscitation of the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patient is owned by EMS."

Well who else would own it?

It's funny how you think none of us know anything about EMS. If you were in almost any other forum (excepting maybe trauma surgery), then yes, EMS is this vague entity.
But EM is tied to EMS. We are required to do EMS specific things in residency. We can fellow in EMS.
We know what happens. And sorry, but apart from early defibrillation, which anyone can do with an AED now, nothing you do on the side of the road is better than what we can do in the department.
 
I'm not referencing all parts of our scope: just resuscitation. Absolutely there is a place for transport (especially trauma), although there is some emerging debate about this for minor complaints.

Absolutely ACLS is an appropriate time to spend a large amount of time on scene--it is highly time-sensitive and nearly completely protocol-driven. However, that is only a small part of EMS.

We're talking about dicking around on scene with a multi-system trauma or complex medical patient--situations where the data say that EMS actually has worse outcomes than transport by private vehicle, presumably due to the longer time to definitive care.

- another former medic
 
As someone who was a paramedic, you should know that quality CPR isn't happening in the back of a moving ambulances. I say this respectfully. Also, ACLS doesn't get any more magical in the ED. I remember reading somewhere that patients who suffer out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are 35 times more likely to survive if the resuscitation occurs in the field instead of the ED. There are a variety of causative reasons for this. I don't have access to Annals of Emergency Medicine, but I believe Art Kellermann had an editorial in the October 2010 edition mentioning this. My current school's journal database doesn't have access to the journal or I'd at least reference the article in more detail. The reality is that anyone who works in the field now has plenty of anecdotal experiences to support this. I don't really think this is up for debate. Most of the literature I've read acts as if this is just the way it should be. I believe it was Dr. Brent Myers who said that, "...resuscitation of the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patient is owned by EMS." The big thing now is: LUCAS or AutoPulse, good continuous CPR, IV access, and secured airway (King or ET). Patients with multiple conversions between rhythms or specialized considerations need to be transported to definitive care.

I'm not referencing all parts of our scope: just resuscitation. Absolutely there is a place for transport (especially trauma), although there is some emerging debate about this for minor complaints.

The cardiac arrest is, honestly, a small subset of the EMS business. An Autopulse didn't exist during my time on the bus, and we still even had the EOA when I started. Likewise, the King airway was predated by the Combitube, and that had even been pulled before I started in EMS (1992).

Recall that 50% of ED visits are for trauma - ranging from a cut finger to piling up one's car. That is much, much more of what you bring us.

I shall freely give you that ACLS in the field is yours, but, as my colleague said, "Who else would own it?" I am all in favor of the asystolic-but-warm getting tubed, 2 epi, 2 atropine, and call it if no change. Likewise, epi for anaphylaxis and a needle decompression for a decompensating spontaneous pneumo are all good. However, if you are "staying and playing", then you are failing, as EMS and EM are part and parcel, as much as your hand is part of your body as is your head.

edit: K31 was writing while I was (and throw a Firefox crash in there).
 
Absolutely ACLS is an appropriate time to spend a large amount of time on scene--it is highly time-sensitive and nearly completely protocol-driven. However, that is only a small part of EMS.

We're talking about dicking around on scene with a multi-system trauma or complex medical patient--situations where the data say that EMS actually has worse outcomes than transport by private vehicle, presumably due to the longer time to definitive care.

- another former medic

I think we're actually all on the same page. I wouldn't be striving for medical school if I didn't think there was more out there, trust me I have respect for what you do.

I would say that the level of knowledge regarding EMS greatly varies depending on where someone was trained. I've met some excellent physicians who really have a good grasp on what we do, but I also still encounter EM physicians who are clueless about our general scope of practice or what it is we actually do. In fairness I've noticed the younger the better and I guess this probably reflects new training standards. Got me. 😕 Riding a few shifts during residency does not an expert make you. Being a fellow in EMS requires actually doing it. There was clearly a reason for the development of the sub specialty. I understand the specifics are still being worked out.

Now, I'll let you all get back to big kid stuff like perimortem C-Sections.
 
I think we're actually all on the same page. I wouldn't be striving for medical school if I didn't think there was more out there, trust me I have respect for what you do.

I would say that the level of knowledge regarding EMS greatly varies depending on where someone was trained. I've met some excellent physicians who really have a good grasp on what we do, but I also still encounter EM physicians who are clueless about our general scope of practice or what it is we actually do. In fairness I've noticed the younger the better and I guess this probably reflects new training standards. Got me. 😕 Riding a few shifts during residency does not an expert make you. Being a fellow in EMS requires actually doing it. There was clearly a reason for the development of the sub specialty. I understand the specifics are still being worked out.

Now, I'll let you all get back to big kid stuff like perimortem C-Sections.

It's not the ride-alongs (or 100s of helicopter missions) that make the average EP qualified to talk about EMS. It's interacting with them 5-15 times/shift, every shift. Stay and play results in a "came in dead, stayed dead" situation somewhere in the 97/100 times range. Which is fine if you're in the middle of nowhere and the nearest hospital is a county over. But when someone 3 blocks from the hospital has a witnessed down-time of <5 min before EMS shows up and they get to the hospital an hour later, that's wrong. And there is something magic about ACLS in the hospital, IT"S SIGNIFICANTLY EASIER! I can secure an airway faster, with fewer complications, and significantly more choices if it turns difficult than in the field. I have multiple nurses that can be attempting multiple IVs simultaneously (or simultaneous IOs) with a LEVEL 1 infusor ready to go, while I have a pharmacist that is drawing up the meds and slapping them into the nurses hand. I have an ultrasound that can make relatively specific predictions about the cause of PEA.

Some of these things can (or have) been brought out into the field, but they don't work as well and the literature (especially on RSI) backs that up. I hope someone does solve these problems, because I'd love to see a patient s/p arrest with ROSC brought in by EMS. But I've seen 2-3 my entire career, and the trend in my area is that nobody (regardless of how close to the hospital) comes in that's been worked less than 30 min.
 
It's not the ride-alongs (or 100s of helicopter missions) that make the average EP qualified to talk about EMS. It's interacting with them 5-15 times/shift, every shift. Stay and play results in a "came in dead, stayed dead" situation somewhere in the 97/100 times range. Which is fine if you're in the middle of nowhere and the nearest hospital is a county over. But when someone 3 blocks from the hospital has a witnessed down-time of <5 min before EMS shows up and they get to the hospital an hour later, that's wrong. And there is something magic about ACLS in the hospital, IT"S SIGNIFICANTLY EASIER! I can secure an airway faster, with fewer complications, and significantly more choices if it turns difficult than in the field. I have multiple nurses that can be attempting multiple IVs simultaneously (or simultaneous IOs) with a LEVEL 1 infusor ready to go, while I have a pharmacist that is drawing up the meds and slapping them into the nurses hand. I have an ultrasound that can make relatively specific predictions about the cause of PEA.

Some of these things can (or have) been brought out into the field, but they don't work as well and the literature (especially on RSI) backs that up. I hope someone does solve these problems, because I'd love to see a patient s/p arrest with ROSC brought in by EMS. But I've seen 2-3 my entire career, and the trend in my area is that nobody (regardless of how close to the hospital) comes in that's been worked less than 30 min.

That's a shame. Our rural service has had six ROSC in the field this year, although none made it to discharge. I was on several of them (not always as lead). One of those was a trauma code. The hospital alone probably sees 20 per year (ROSC in the field by EMS). We're also doing neuroprotective hypothermia in the field. With all due respect, quite a few rural and community hospitals are...um...interesting to watch. I can't tell you the last time I ever saw a pharmacist on our local hospital's code team (I have seen it at large academic centers). It's more of a charlie foxtrot. Your hospital sounds like the quintessential well-oiled machine. Congratulations.

I think this is an issue of different experiences, which is a shame. Hopefully your local EMS system can make some changes. Our trend is pretty clear: the longer EMS has the patient, the better their outcome. Once the hospital gets a hold of the patient, prepare for a show. Again, I don't believe this is a systemic national thing. I just think we take SCA very seriously, although still not as seriously as I'd prefer.
 
Our rural service has had six ROSC in the field this year, although none made it to discharge.

What is the point of throwing more resources at this problem? Yay! We got vitals back so they can be pronounced brain dead in the ICU in 2 days! The longer I do this, the more I think that we should leave raising the dead alone.
 
Our trend is pretty clear: the longer EMS has the patient, the better their outcome. Once the hospital gets a hold of the patient, prepare for a show. Again, I don't believe this is a systemic national thing. I just think we take SCA very seriously, although still not as seriously as I'd prefer.

I would have to have a chat with your medical director about that data. Because that flies in the face of all the studies (even the ones done by paramedics) out there.

It's also a bit hubristic to think that your community college training exceeds that of the undergraduate, medical school, and residency trained physician. Sure, some of the rurals have FM docs from 30 years out that may not be as up to date, but it isn't across the board, or there are some serious problems.
 
Our trend is pretty clear: the longer EMS has the patient, the better their outcome. Once the hospital gets a hold of the patient, prepare for a show.

I have no experience with EMS to speak of, so I will not comment on any EMS-specific data. However, what you say here sounds too much like a cognitive bias we all engage in. Any good outcome down the line is our success and any bad outcome is the guy down the line effing up. We do this all the time in the ER as well. We 'successfully' resuscitate someone super sick patient who then goes up to the ICU. If the patient lives, we pat ourselves on the back (as we should) and remind ourselves of the 'golden hour' concept. If the patient codes an hour or two later, it's tempting to think of it in terms of us doing a great job and the ICU docs messing up. It is important to recognize this cognitive bias (confirmation bias) as such so that we can identify areas of potential improvement.

For example (and this all comes only from the daily interaction with EMS and NO specific EMS experience or extensive familiarity with the literature): if you think that your ER's resuscitations usually end up being CFs, think about what you can do to help. A lot of the time EMS can really set the tone. When a crew comes in, if they are anxious, blabbering a hundred words per minute, both partners talking at once to different people, trying to do a couple of different things at once... it sets a very chaotic scene vs the crew that comes in, has one person clearly and calmly tell the story in a sensible manner to the team leader while the partner helps the ER crew transfer the patient to our stretcher and then step back... there is usually much less anxious situation set up and things tend to go more smoothly.
 
And sorry, but apart from early defibrillation, which anyone can do with an AED now, nothing you do on the side of the road is better than what we can do in the department.

I always hate commenting on these threads because everyone is already so set in their way of thinking from both sides but I can't resist....

1. on the subject of cardiac arrest.... although it sounds like a good idea in theory to load up the patient and do everything on way way (especially if you are 5 minutes from the hospital), in reality its a horrible idea. While it may be documented that CPR is going on, realistically how effective are those compressions as you are moving the patient between their house, stairs, ambulance, etc. As we all know, a few minutes without compressions is absolutely devastating to outcomes.

2. A huge amount of transports are not life and death situations. Although I probably agree that from a procedural/treatment scope "nothing you do on the side of the road is better", the major advantage of EMS is being built for speed. For example, in that patient who falls and has a simple leg fracture....with EMS, that person can have a line, pain and nausea medication, and a splint in probably 10-15 minutes on scene. That same person in the ED spends that amount of time in registration if their lucky. Then they will see the nurse, wait for the doc, then wait for the nurse to come back, put in a line, go to the pyxis, and finally administer some analgesia. Although it might not change the outcome, it can make a huge difference to the patient.
 
I have no experience with EMS to speak of, so I will not comment on any EMS-specific data. However, what you say here sounds too much like a cognitive bias we all engage in. Any good outcome down the line is our success and any bad outcome is the guy down the line effing up. We do this all the time in the ER as well. We 'successfully' resuscitate someone super sick patient who then goes up to the ICU. If the patient lives, we pat ourselves on the back (as we should) and remind ourselves of the 'golden hour' concept. If the patient codes an hour or two later, it's tempting to think of it in terms of us doing a great job and the ICU docs messing up. It is important to recognize this cognitive bias (confirmation bias) as such so that we can identify areas of potential improvement.

For example (and this all comes only from the daily interaction with EMS and NO specific EMS experience or extensive familiarity with the literature): if you think that your ER's resuscitations usually end up being CFs, think about what you can do to help. A lot of the time EMS can really set the tone. When a crew comes in, if they are anxious, blabbering a hundred words per minute, both partners talking at once to different people, trying to do a couple of different things at once... it sets a very chaotic scene vs the crew that comes in, has one person clearly and calmly tell the story in a sensible manner to the team leader while the partner helps the ER crew transfer the patient to our stretcher and then step back... there is usually much less anxious situation set up and things tend to go more smoothly.

Blame the paramedic's report for the ER's shameful performance? Great. Without getting into details, I will say that I have a very good idea of how the rest of the hospital works. Paramedic is only one of my hats and we wouldn't make the living that we do if I was just riding a bus. I won't get into what my spouse does for a living, but lets say it involves a very intimate involvement with ICUs.

Listen, I don't have any delusions that most post-arrest patients end up dieing in an ICU. Organ donation is the best outcome form many of these patients, unfortunately.

Dr. McNinja, are you stating that there are actually studies that show that out-of-hospital SCA patients who have ROSC in the hospital have better outcomes? Show me one. If so, then I guess the majority of the country's new emphasis on working SCA (the initial arrest) in the field is going in the totally wrong direction. The opposite is actually true. We're learning that not only do response times not really matter (except in the case of the first hour quintet: stroke, AMI, trauma, cardiac arrest, and severe respiratory issues. Less than 20% of our volume), but that scene times are not a huge big deal. The vast majority of our patients would survive if they saw EMS now or two hours from now. Only a small subset of our patients are truly very sick. Additionally, there is an unhealthy abuse of the system. The British are demonstrating that a decent subset of patients can be managed in the field by mid-level practitioners and discharged at home or referred elsewhere-no need for the ED.

Yes, if a patient codes in a hospital, sure they'll have better outcomes. The same is true if one codes in front of me: they almost always have positive results, so long as they weren't dramatically decompensating before I arrived. We are all subject to the circumstances in which we operate.

I want to be clear: no one is saying that physicians are not the experts here, but what I have personally observed, and I think it supported by anyone else who has an open and honest mind, is that the medical culture of a hospital is not an atmosphere for dealing with high stress, critical situations. While I appreciate gro2001's comments about seeing what we "can do to help," it's not realistic. Many physicians see EMS as pions. I see that very attitude on here right now. Our mission, in their mind, is to drop off the patient and let them save the day. I have paramedics come back all the time and tell me stories of absolutely dangerous behavior in the ED. Like nurses who can't operate the pacer on the Lifepak. In one case, this lead to a patient having not been paced for almost 10 minutes while no one could figure out why the patient was crashing. When the paramedic finally went over and took control of the pacer and fixed the problem he was eviscerated by the physician. How dare he help. The insistence on letting them figure it out lead to the patient coding and eventually dying (disclaimer: I realize the cause of death is slightly more nuanced than this). I've seen CPR that is so ineffective that it's comical.

I've seen nurses hang room temperature bags of IV fluid on patients undergoing post-resuscitation hypothermia, despite being ordered to use 4 degree Celsius NS by the ED physician. When a paramedic pointed this out: eviscerated. I've watched nurses fumble with the Artic Sun and audibly remark of how no one has trained them how to use the device and how they don't know the protocol. I've seen dislodged ET tubes that could have been recognized with the use of capnography, but wasn't because of stubborn hospital practices. Seriously, we'd loose our licenses for this stuff. Complain to someone in authority: "We'll look into it." AKA: Retaliation in the future.

The reality is that not all hospitals are created equal. Some have really bad leadership. This is compounded in rural America (or at least my corner of rural America). I feel the care that our citizens get is nothing like the excellent, mind-blowing care I've seen in large academic institutions. To the credit of some of the physicians posting here, it sounds like many of you do have a healthy knowledge and at least tepid respect for EMS, but this is not a categorical thing across this country. The next time you see that nervous paramedic, take some time and wonder about what his last experience with a physician or nurse was like. Remember that you have significantly more education in which to handle many of the things he's also been asked to do. He may have been freaking out while trying to intubate, but he's also only ever done five of them-in his life! The next time your local paramedic program ask to do an intubation clinical with your hospita'ls anesthesia practice, advocate on their behalf. There are some of us who work in services with a higher acuity of patients, who get 10-20 intubations a year, but there are many, many more who do not. I realize there is a big argument to take intubation away from EMS and I'm honestly open minded to that, but until that happens, be part of the solution. Teach at your local community college, even if you only do so as a guest instructor. One of the best experiences of my undergraduate education was to be taught by a host of physicians who took the time to give back to the field they had left behind: EMS.

Oh, and make sure to give an enthusiastic lecture about perimortem C-section. This has really been riveting.
 
I always hate commenting on these threads because everyone is already so set in their way of thinking from both sides but I can't resist....

1. on the subject of cardiac arrest.... although it sounds like a good idea in theory to load up the patient and do everything on way way (especially if you are 5 minutes from the hospital), in reality its a horrible idea. While it may be documented that CPR is going on, realistically how effective are those compressions as you are moving the patient between their house, stairs, ambulance, etc. As we all know, a few minutes without compressions is absolutely devastating to outcomes.

2. A huge amount of transports are not life and death situations. Although I probably agree that from a procedural/treatment scope "nothing you do on the side of the road is better", the major advantage of EMS is being built for speed. For example, in that patient who falls and has a simple leg fracture....with EMS, that person can have a line, pain and nausea medication, and a splint in probably 10-15 minutes on scene. That same person in the ED spends that amount of time in registration if their lucky. Then they will see the nurse, wait for the doc, then wait for the nurse to come back, put in a line, go to the pyxis, and finally administer some analgesia. Although it might not change the outcome, it can make a huge difference to the patient.

Exactly. I like the registration comment. When I decide to give pain medication, I just do it. I don't have to give an order and wait 10 minutes for an IV to be completed. My partner and I just do it, right that moment. I was going to go down this line of reasoning but figured it'd irritate some people here. Emergency rooms can take 20-30 minutes longer to implement treatments we do in less than two minutes. Nauseated? Bam, Zofran. Like, that instant. There are tons more examples.

The CPR example is perfect too. A lot of EM physicians cannot appreciate how long it takes to move a patient from a second floor, on a backboard, with no compressions for 10 minutes. It's devastating for outcomes. They're going to die. That's why the emphasis on good, quality compressions in the home along with ACLS has taken ahold for these patients. Return a pulse before leaving the house and then maintain it en route to the hospital.
 
Yes, if a patient codes in a hospital, sure they'll have better outcomes. The same is true if one codes in front of me: they almost always have positive results, so long as they weren't dramatically decompensating before I arrived. We are all subject to the circumstances in which we operate.

I want to be clear: no one is saying that physicians are not the experts here, but what I have personally observed, and I think it supported by anyone else who has an open and honest mind, is that the medical culture of a hospital is not an atmosphere for dealing with high stress, critical situations. While I appreciate gro2001's comments about seeing what we "can do to help," it's not realistic. Many physicians see EMS as pions. I see that very attitude on here right now. Our mission, in their mind, is to drop off the patient and let them save the day. I have paramedics come back all the time and tell me stories of absolutely dangerous behavior in the ED. Like nurses who can't operate the pacer on the Lifepak. In one case, this lead to a patient having not been paced for almost 10 minutes while no one could figure out why the patient was crashing. When the paramedic finally went over and took control of the pacer and fixed the problem he was eviscerated by the physician. How dare he help. The insistence on letting them figure it out lead to the patient coding and eventually dying (disclaimer: I realize the cause of death is slightly more nuanced than this). I've seen CPR that is so ineffective that it's comical.

I've seen nurses hang room temperature bags of IV fluid on patients undergoing post-resuscitation hypothermia, despite being ordered to use 4 degree Celsius NS by the ED physician. When a paramedic pointed this out: eviscerated. I've watched nurses fumble with the Artic Sun and audibly remark of how no one has trained them how to use the device and how they don't know the protocol. I've seen dislodged ET tubes that could have been recognized with the use of capnography, but wasn't because of stubborn hospital practices. Seriously, we'd loose our licenses for this stuff. Complain to someone in authority: "We'll look into it." AKA: Retaliation in the future.

The reality is that not all hospitals are created equal. Some have really bad leadership. This is compounded in rural America (or at least my corner of rural America). I feel the care that our citizens get is nothing like the excellent, mind-blowing care I've seen in large academic institutions. To the credit of some of the physicians posting here, it sounds like many of you do have a healthy knowledge and at least tepid respect for EMS, but this is not a categorical thing across this country. The next time you see that nervous paramedic, take some time and wonder about what his last experience with a physician or nurse was like. Remember that you have significantly more education in which to handle many of the things he's also been asked to do. He may have been freaking out while trying to intubate, but he's also only ever done five of them-in his life! The next time your local paramedic program ask to do an intubation clinical with your hospita'ls anesthesia practice, advocate on their behalf. There are some of us who work in services with a higher acuity of patients, who get 10-20 intubations a year, but there are many, many more who do not. I realize there is a big argument to take intubation away from EMS and I'm honestly open minded to that, but until that happens, be part of the solution. Teach at your local community college, even if you only do so as a guest instructor. One of the best experiences of my undergraduate education was to be taught by a host of physicians who took the time to give back to the field they had left behind: EMS.

well said👍
 
Apparently the anecdote still remains better than the data. Apparently none of the prior EMS now EM boarded attendings know anything about the "struggles" that medics go through, and we should just give them free rein over all medicine.

And for the record, for every "the hospital is worse than our superb medic team" story you have, I can probably tell you twice as many esophageal intubations, not performing CPR on someone in PEA because the monitor has a rhythm, tourniquets that cause limb ischemia, splinting of "deformed" limbs that have no injury,etc.

Everyone has faults. None of us are perfect. But the preponderance of data does not support anything but driving for almost all things except cardiac arrhythmias that are defibrillated. ROSC doesn't always mean good things, and the guy that you have obtained a rhythm on after 6 rounds of epi doesn't usually leave the hospital.
 
Apparently the anecdote still remains better than the data. Apparently none of the prior EMS now EM boarded attendings know anything about the "struggles" that medics go through, and we should just give them free rein over all medicine.

I think most have a good idea.

And for the record, for every "the hospital is worse than our superb medic team" story you have, I can probably tell you twice as many esophageal intubations, not performing CPR on someone in PEA because the monitor has a rhythm, tourniquets that cause limb ischemia, splinting of "deformed" limbs that have no injury,etc.

The problem here is that the excellent medics are the minority. This is a major problem with ems today and IMO the blame for this is shared between the medics and the ED physicians. Esophageal intubations, not performing CPR, etc. is simply inexcusable and results from not only a poor provider but poor training and poor oversight.

Everyone has faults. None of us are perfect. But the preponderance of data does not support anything but driving for almost all things except cardiac arrhythmias that are defibrillated. ROSC doesn't always mean good things, and the guy that you have obtained a rhythm on after 6 rounds of epi doesn't usually leave the hospital.

Certainly everyone has their faults and in my experience most ems systems are full of errors, mismanagement, and poor supervision. I think there are some exceptional services out there however that work very well. I do not agree however with the statement that the data does not support anything but driving. First, as I previously mentioned, there is value in providing pain/nausea relief earlier although it might not change the outcome in the data. Second, I can think of a number of cases I have had with obvious benefit in time critical treatment. I few that come to mind....giving the epi for anaphylaxis, decompressing the tension pneumo with return from apnea, reversing the OD with narcan, waking up the diabetic with a sugar of 20, stabilizing the open pelvic fracture preventing life threatening blood loss. These are things I believe made a difference and I hope you can see the value in doing something other than driving.
 
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What resources make an excellent EMS service? Funding for equipment, funding for payroll, quality education, experienced personel, involved medical director, strong training relationship with a medical center, recurrent education and training.

If every service had all of these , it would fix everything. It's a Bell curve that has shifted left. The majority of EMS services are on the back side of that curve
 
I few that come to mind....giving the epi for anaphylaxis, decompressing the tension pneumo with return from apnea, reversing the OD with narcan, waking up the diabetic with a sugar of 20, stabilizing the open pelvic fracture preventing life threatening blood loss. These are things I believe made a difference and I hope you can see the value in doing something other than driving.

Apparently my hyperboles were too much. I have no problem with medics doing simple things that don't take much time and have a huge difference in outcomes. You pointed out quite a few. I do have a problem when they sit on the side of the road for things that don't help.
 
few that come to mind....giving the epi for anaphylaxis, decompressing the tension pneumo with return from apnea, reversing the OD with narcan, waking up the diabetic with a sugar of 20, stabilizing the open pelvic fracture preventing life threatening blood loss. These are things I believe made a difference and I hope you can see the value in doing something other than driving.
Yes, but all of those things could be done while driving too. I could make an exception for hypoglycemia--I've treated and released enough of those on scene. Potentially for stabilizing a pelvic fx too, although IMO the data doesn't support that making enough of a difference to delay transport (or indeed that external stabilization has any effect in blood loss in pelvic fractures at all).

You can do a lot of things while transporting. Granted, I come from a volunteer background where there was almost always an extra pair of hands or two in the back to help me, but starting lines, pushing drugs, intubating, cardioverting--an experienced medic should be able to do all these in the back of a moving truck.
 
Yes, but all of those things could be done while driving too. I could make an exception for hypoglycemia--I've treated and released enough of those on scene. Potentially for stabilizing a pelvic fx too, although IMO the data doesn't support that making enough of a difference to delay transport (or indeed that external stabilization has any effect in blood loss in pelvic fractures at all).

You can do a lot of things while transporting. Granted, I come from a volunteer background where there was almost always an extra pair of hands or two in the back to help me, but starting lines, pushing drugs, intubating, cardioverting--an experienced medic should be able to do all these in the back of a moving truck.

You do realize that you technically should be stopped to perform cardioversion, correct? Lets introduce some road noise so the monitor has a harder time avoiding R on T phenomenon...

The reality is that the field is moving away from the a transport first modality and to one in which a combination of stabilization and transportation options are weighed simultaneously. There is a large discussion about transporting to more appropriate destinations, which isn't always the ED. Again, if it isn't part of the first hour quintet then there is no need to be rushing lights and sirens towards the hospital. Transport yes, but not rushing. It's dangerous and unnecessary. This is especially true as some services (mostly in Europe and Australia) are successfully experimenting with treat and release for a host of complaints.

Sure, for your high priority sick people rapid transport is necessary, but that is NOT the majority of what we treat.
 
Sure, for your high priority sick people rapid transport is necessary, but that is NOT the majority of what we treat.

For the majority of what you "treat", NOTHING would happen if you did NOTHING. Believe me, I know, because I was there, and, now, I see it when you bring it to me.

No one is hammering on you - we're points on the same continuum. However, for what you say is the thrust, and what exists now, there is a wide gulf that has to be traversed. Quite honestly, I would not trust most of the current EMT-Ps I know to do what you are asking, but, at the same time, the majority I know wouldn't want to do it, either. When I was in HI, the 911 calls were taken by City and County of Honolulu EMS. There was a guy there with 25 years - a municipal employee - who was happy to work his nights, and be done. He didn't want expanded scope, and he was not unique.

For what you say to happen (and you may have said this before), there would have to be a paradigm shift in training - more like "more PA, less paramedic", than "paramedic plus some diagnostic stuff".
 
For the majority of what you "treat", NOTHING would happen if you did NOTHING. Believe me, I know, because I was there, and, now, I see it when you bring it to me.

No one is hammering on you - we're points on the same continuum. However, for what you say is the thrust, and what exists now, there is a wide gulf that has to be traversed. Quite honestly, I would not trust most of the current EMT-Ps I know to do what you are asking, but, at the same time, the majority I know wouldn't want to do it, either. When I was in HI, the 911 calls were taken by City and County of Honolulu EMS. There was a guy there with 25 years - a municipal employee - who was happy to work his nights, and be done. He didn't want expanded scope, and he was not unique.

For what you say to happen (and you may have said this before), there would have to be a paradigm shift in training - more like "more PA, less paramedic", than "paramedic plus some diagnostic stuff".

Absolutely more education would be needed. The U.K. ECP model is a provider trained at the Master's level. I would go so far to say that the physician assistant model may be the right pathway entirely, with specialization for the prehospital environment. I would personally never want a shortcut to such a level of practice, although I'm sure there are those who would. I'm not even sure it's the right pathway for me, as my personal goal is to be a physician. I just think there are a pool of talented paramedics out there who would like a career, or at least a career ladder, that includes more cerebral work. The reality is that such a mid-level provider would probably not be going on the "cool" stuff. It'd be "boring" stuff like community outreach, checking on diabetics, and addressing complaints before they became emergent. You know, the stuff that 80% of medicine is made up of but that many paramedics pretend doesn't exist.

It'd be a nice step to push more paramedics into an undergraduate institution. The traditional pathway to be a prehospital physician assistant may raise the bar a bit more. It may also give enough financial incentives for more universities to start 4-year paramedic programs, perhaps with a bridge agreement to PA programs for qualified students.
 
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