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Don't know where this came from--it's been floating around my class, and it came from another school--but might be worth a glance. Use at your own risk!
1 what is responsible for curvature of bladder in women -uterus
2 Scar tissues in brain no astrocytes so i put fibroblasts.
3 site of prostrate gland-beneath the bladder
4 ct scan of internal capsule and asked deficit as a result of lesion of the genu of the internal capsule-contralateral motor/sensory loss on the face
5 molecular structure of nucleoside analogue and mode of action-chain termination.
6 acyclovir activation by viral thymidine kinase.
7 tissue affected by decreased oxygen - brain.
8 visual impairement on temporal lobe lesion -upper quadrantopia.
9 drug withdrawn after hysterectomy-progesterone
10 effect of theophylline on adenosine-antagonism
11 enzyme activated by estrogen -rna polymerase
12 immune cell involved in cancer prevention-cytotoxic T cell
13 hypertensive brain injury-cerebral hemorrhage
14 effect of mannitol on pt with raised ICP -herniation ophthalmoscopy of elderly man with macular degeneration
16 regional flow in lungs-base highest
17 pt with acute pyelonephritis-wbc casts.
18 phenoxybenzymine-alpha 1,2 blocker
19 axn of acetylcholine- nicotinic receptor stimulation.
20 additional finding in anorexia nervosa-amenorrhea
21 amiloride-na chanel blocker in dct.
22 pt on quinidine with atrial fibrillation-digoxin 1st.
23 abnormal hormone in non lactating woman with amenorrhea-decreased GnRH
24 pt with renal casts site of pathology-glomerulus
25 pt with bilateral hydronephrosis with swollen bladder site of pathology-urethral obstruction.
26 finasteride 5 alpha reductase inhibitor
27 cholera toxin Gs protein ribosylation
28 effect of viral coat on virus -more susceptible to loss of virulence
29 hormone increased in ascitis-aldosterone
30 albuterol beta2 agonist
31 propranol contraindicated in ashmatics
32 organ secondirily affected in cirrhosis of Liver-splenomegaly
31 pancreatitis pain refered to the back
32 amniotic fluid embolism -causes DIC SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN decreased in hemolytic anemia
34type of anemia in chronic lymphocytic leukamia-autoimmune hemolytic anemia
35neonatal resp distress syndrome-no surfactant
36carnithine defcy-no beta oxid of long chain fatty acids
37blood supply of clitoris-int. pudendal art.[not sure] lesion of common peroneal nerve-foot drop.
39midshaft fracture of humerus radial nerve.
40streptokinase converts plasminogen to plasmin.
41findings 30mins after MI -neutrophilic infiltration
42cranial nv 5 on mri-midpons.
43fasciculus cuneatus on spinal cord-lateral cervical cord
44sexual disorder in elderly-no change in sexual interest
45emotional involvement in doctor pt relationship-countertransference
46phosphorus increased in chronic renal failure
47methyl dopa -alpha 2 agonist
48daunorubicin -cardiotoxicity
49TB site -upper lobe of lung
50pancoasts tumor causes superior vena caval syndrome
51calculation of specificity,sensitivity,odds ratio-be very careful the jumple up the table to confuse you[bastards].
52calculate calories interms of intake of cho,proteins,fats-[cho/proteins-4kcal/kg,fat-9kcal/kg.]
53Gp 120 attachement of Hiv virus.
----------------------------------------------------
1. Pancreas biopsy in cystic fibrosis patient: ATROPHY
2. How do you treat bee stung: Dyphenhydramine or epinephrine
3. Kwashiorkor Vs Marasmo
4. Epidural bleeding : Meningeal Artery
5. Rapidly progressive dementia with neurofibrillary tangles (alzheimer, not an option):
Kreutzfeld Jacob and Hungtinton
6. Collagen type 1 in ehlers dahnlos
7. Genetic diseases
8. Palindrome
9. Auer Rods: AML
10. Cilia that look like villa ( but because it's cross section I was able to differentiate: ask for their function
11. Picture of a tumor in skin with central depression
12. Relative risk deducted from a graphic
13. Case of hemolytic anemia and ask is equivalent to Rheumatic fever
14. IL2: ???
15. 15. Cortex of lymph node: B lymphocytes
16. Hepatitis: CD8 cytotoxic
17. What happen to the cell surrounding the infarct??
18. Parathyroid : K is low
19. Gives tensile strengh to skin: collagen type 1
20. Case of HUS: high split products
21. Hemophilia common complication: hemorrhage in the joints
22. I case of a klinnefelter: 47 XXY (know the characteristics)
23. I kid with tay sach ( def of hexaminidase) What 's the problem: Accumulation of material in the CNS
24. Absence of anterior mediastinum shadow, what else could be missing: PARATHIROID
( DI GEORGE SND)
25. Ingestion of pills, then 2 days later : Hepatic reaction: Acetaminophen
26. Anemia macro ( in fresh ) with neurolog sx: cianocobalamine (b12)
27. New onset of paralysis after sex in the pelvis area without any alteration of pinprick or JPS pain or Temperature: CONVERSION SND
28. Case of mesothelioma: ASBESTOS
29. Case of cardiomipathy from Brazil: CHAGAS
30. Temporal arteritis diagnosed by micrograph
31. Classification of an aneurysm based on its sound between syphiils, dissecting, atherosclerotic: ???
32. Inferior mesenteric artery occluded supplettion of that zone by:
33. Underventilated with normal perfusion: Pulmonary shunt
34. Case of emphysema and pathology show
estruction of alveolar walls
35. Membranous glomerulonephritis to differentiate among the other GN that produce nphro snd in terms of light microscopy, subepithelial deposits and immunofluorescence
36. Interphase halve where x and the other y
37. Down sind with vomiting and polyhidramnios: duodenal atresia
38. High risk of colon cancer: multiple polyps
39. What ar easophageal varices from ): gastric veins
40. (showing attenuated villi and suspended feces): Celiac disease
41. gram (-) curved microareophilyc: campylobacter
42. grapes in the photo: complete mole
43. grapes again but bigger: hidatiform mole
44. alpha feto protein eleveted: next step: ammniocentesis (15 weeks)
45. common complication of BPH: infection (is not malignant transformation)
46. high TSH: hypothiroidism (the question pointed to hashimoto)
47. zone of adrenal gland affected if remove hypofisiS: FASCICULAR
48. Differentiate between insulinoma and autoadenoma of inlusin: PEPTIDE C
49. Case of osteogenesis imperfecta show a deficiency in : COLLAGEN TYPE 1
50. Increased prevalence also inrease: POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE
51. Review neuraminidase and hemaglutinin in virology
52. Case of ethanol and hepatic changes: fatty changes vs liver cirrosis
53. Case of mass in tubaric ovary and yolk sac in utero with incresing BHCG: ??? (ectopic pregnancy??)
54. Bacfterial meningitis: answer with all the parameters: opening pressure high, glucose low, protein high, wbc and leukos
55. Case of lost of pain and temperature : localize the disease in the spin
56. Brain tumor in the third ventricle: ???
57. Deterioration of CNS trauma and asking for the cause: herniation
58. Micrograph of an enviromenteal pulmonar pathology: ASBESTOS, IRON, SILICONE??
59. One case of children saying no (age 13 ) and parent saying yes: PARENTS DECIDE
60. ONE example of a COHORT study
61. Case in which they measure basopphiles in a patient and give a value of 4 with a confidence interval of 1-9, the question is what can they do to narrow that CI: take another sample
62. Best treatment for alcoholics: AA
63. Disulfiram increses : aldehide dehidrogenase
64. Treatment of opiates withdrawal: naloxone ( it may look simple butr the question is really misleading)
65. Manic patient: lithium
66. Variable response from the parents after a child tamper tantrums : variable ratio
67. One case of denial (really easy)
68. One case of regression ( also easy to catch)
69. Case of identity formation in a :NORMAL TEENAGER
70. A child 2yo crying after is carried by the doctor and relaxing once is back to mom's arms: is normal development, NOT SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER (note that this will be the case if we are talking about school phobia)
71. Case of sleep apnea
72. Psychiatric patient that has had all the medication : manic Vs squizophrenic
73. Patient with antisocial personalty
74. Sedation in antidepresive is associated to ANTYDEPRESIVE EFFECT
75. Patient with otitis media and then nystagmus : vestibular function affected 76. It's a problem in kartagener (case) : dyneyin
77. What cells are located in white matter of CNS: olygodendrocytes
78. Look at graph 22 of anatomy page: pay attention where the CN VII is
79. Case of paralysis of upward gaze: Pineal tumor to localize in saggital view
80. Irrigation of the pancreas: celiac artery
81. Remember the terrible triad for knee lesion, and the question was focused in which of the components of the knee was spared: lateral meniscus
82. Proptosis and anesthesia in the forehead and all the muscles of the eye: orbital tumor
83. Erb paralysis description and show a braquial plexus graphic: lesion localized c5-6
84. Partial claw: ULNAR lesion
85. Site for N glycosilation: RER
86. Function of gap functions: ion transport
87. Melanocites comes from: neural crest cell (localized it in a 5 week old embryo
88. Transport of IgA in intestine: M cell
89. Case of hipospadia: failure to closure of urethral folds
90. Cleft lip and palate photograph: failure to fuse maxillary prominence with nasal (lateral or medial) prominence
91. No mitochondria: virus
92. Oxphos in bacteria: in the cytoplasm membrane
93. Diphteroid toxin: inhibition elongation factor
94. Acid fast, diarrhea and AIDS: cryptosporidium
95. How rinne and weber test are like if you have cerumen in your ear
96. What hormone will be using a Zinc finger ( they don't sayit, just describe it.. like intracellulaer
97. What happen if a drug start binding to a protein: increase half life
98. What will have to be cut for a gene not to trasncribe: 5'UTR (the answer is relating to the TATA box)
99. The steriod hormones bind : enhancer in the DNA
100. Patient with an elisa just positive to hiv, what do you do next: Western Blot (pay attention that the other option are very misleading).
101. Ask for one antioxidante in a complex question: Vit E
102. 2 drug with the same V max, and ask for potency: Drug a is on the left is more potent than drug B
103. Add co2 (case of a patient hypoventilating) to a curve of hemogobin: Shift to the right
104. What do you give in a case with a patient treated with heparin and warfarin, and the pt is prolonged and ptt normal: Vit K (becareful, cuz all the options are there).
105. Case of a person fasting for 5 days and then ask which anzyme is active: FRUCTOSE 1,6 BIPHOSPHATASE (part of gluconeogenesis)
106. Why a neonate is not affected in sickle cell disease. The question os focused on the diffence between maternal Hb and fetal Hb: B GLOBIN IS NOT PRESENT IN
FETAL HB AND IS THE ONE AFFECTED
107. inhibitor of P450 ( stated as another drug's toxicity in combination with this one): CIMETIDINE
108. Orthostatic hipotension case product of a use of X drug: direct blocking of alpha agonist
109. Case of malignant hyperthermia: use Dantrolene
110. Elevated in a destruction of hyphofisis (describe a case of masive bleeding post partum): increase prolactin
111. Morphine intoxication: action of mu receptor
112. Injection of 1 liter of saline, start seen diuresis, the cause will be: increase atrial natriuretic factor. ( is a very confusing question because you see everything including aldosterone, ADH, carotid sinus, carotid bodies, but they are all heading to the opposite direction.
113. What happen to the PR, QRS, a other parameters with muscarinic stimulaton (you figure it out the answer)
114. Show a graphic of peniciline, tetracyclin and penicilin + tetracyclin and ask why the combination does not improve the dissapearance of the bacteria (all of the options make sense): the ANSWER IS RELATED TO THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTY OF PENICILIN
AND NOT TETRACYCLIN (bacteriostatic).
115. Description of ofloxacin and it's function of : inhibition of DNA Gyrase
116. profilaxis in a cloroquine sensitive malaria zone: pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine
117. action of aspirin and show a graphic where you see endothelial cell, platetelts, RBC, WBC: PLATELETS is the answer
118. after head trauma urine osmolarity of 700 : SIADH
119. find the Half life of a drug given clearance and volume of distribution: REMEMBER THAT CL= K x Vd and that half life is = .7 / k
---------------------------------------------------------------
BIOCHEM
1) Glycolysis: This question mentioned an alcoholic and in which part of this cycle would the NADH be converted back to NAD in an anaerobic cycle -- ANS one of the choices was Pyruvate to Lactate.
2) Gluconeogenesis This is a tricky question ; They asked where lactic acidosis would occuri in Gluconeogenesis, and what yu had to know here is which vitamin would be defficient-ANS Biotin?!! Yu still have to go back and look at the cycle where Pyruvat e can be converted to Lactate and this contributes to making Pyruvate .etc --
3) Fatty acid synthesis: know about the clathrin coated pits and everything related to that. I did not get anuything else in that chapter, but also know the what makes Arachidonic Acid etc.
4) Amino acid Metabolism: Know where carbomyl synthtase 2 takes place. Inner/outer mitochondrial memberane./ matrix /cytoplasm - tha ans is cytoplasm., know where Pyrimethamine acts DHFR??
5) Know where Dipthereia toxin acts-- inhibits translocation., also streptomycin what stage of protein synthesis does it inhibit - ans . initiation.
6) Know the PCR/DNA/RNA techniques v.well
7) I got one question on PKU
8) I/2 question on Tyrosine metabolism - know this v.well from Lippincotts diagrams 9) Know fatty acid synthesis -NADPH is used here.
---------------------------------------------------------------
1. Pancreas biopsy in cystic fibrosis patient: ATROPHY
2. How do you treat bee stung: Dyphenhydramine or epinephrine
3. Kwashiorkor Vs Marasmo
4. Epidural bleeding : Meningeal Artery
5. Rapidly progressive dementia with neurofibrillary tangles (alzheimer
noit an option): Kreutzfeld Jacob and Hungtinton
6. Collagen type 1 in edhers dahnlos
7. Genetic diseases
8. Palindrome
9. Auer Rods: AML
10. Cilia that look like villa ( but because it's cross section I was able to differentiate: ask for their function
11. Picture of a tumor in skin with central depression
12. Relative risk deducted from a graphic
13. Case of hemolytic anemia and ask is equivalent to : Rheumatic fever
14. IL2: ???
15. Cortex of lymph node: B lymphocytes
16. Hepatitis: CD8 citotoxic
17. What happen to the cell surrounding the infarct: ??
18. Parathyroid : K is low
19. Gives tensile sthrengh to skin: collagen type 1
20. Case of HUS: high split products
21. Hemophilia common complication: hemorrhage in the joints
22. I case of a klinnefelter: 47 XXY (know the characteristics)
23. I kid with tay sach ( def of hexaminidase) What 's the problem: Accumulation of material in the CNS
24. Absence of anterior mediastinum shadow, what else could be missing: PARATHIROID ( DI GEORGE SND)
25. Ingestion of pills, then 2 days later : Hepatic reaction: Acetaminophen
26. Anemia macro ( in fresh ) with neurolog sx: cianocobalamine (b12)
27. New onset of paralysis after sex in the pelvis area without any
alteration of pinprick or JPS pain or Temperature: CONVERSION SND
28. Case of mesothelioma: ASBESTOS
29. Case of cardiomipathy from Brazil: CHAGAS
30. Temporal arteritis diagnosed by micrograph
31. Classification of an aneurysm based on its sound between shiphiils, dissecting, atherosclerotic: ???
32. Inferior mesenteric artery occluded supplettion of that zone by:
33. Underventilated with normal perfusion: Pulmonary shunt
34. Case of emphysema and pathology show: destruction of alveolar walls
35. Membranous glomerulonephritis to differentiate among the other GN that produce nphro snd in terms of light microscopy, subepithelial deposits and immunofluorescence
36. Interphase halve where x and the other y
37. Down sind with vomiting and polyhidramnios: duodenal atresia
38. High risk of colon cancer: multiple polyps
39. What ar easophageal varices ffom ): gastric veins
40. (showing attenuated villi and suspended feces): Celiac disease
41. gram (-) curved microareophilyc: campylobacter
42. grapes in the photo: complete mole
43. grapes again but bigger: hidatiform mole
44. alpha feto protein eleveted: next step: ammniocentesis (15 weeks)
45. common complication of BPH: infection (is not malignant transformation)
46. high TSH: hypothiroidism (the question pointed to hashimoto)
47. zone of adrenal gland affected if remove hypofisiS: FASCICULAR
48. Differentiate between insulinoma and autoadmon of inlusin: PEPTIDE C
49. Case of osteogenesis imperfecta show a deficiency in : COLLAGEN TYPE 1
50. Increased prevalence also inrease: POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE
51. Review neuraminidase and hemaglutinin in virology
52. Case of ethanol and hepatic changes: fatty changes vs liver cirrosis
53. Case of mass in tubaric ovary and yolk sac in utero with incresing BHCG: ??? (ectopic pregnancy??)
54. Bacfterial meningitis: answer with all the parameters: opening pressure high, glucose low, protein high, wbc and leukos
55. Case of lost of pain and temperature : localize the disease in the spin
56. Brain tumor in the third ventricle: ???
57. Deterioration of CNS trauma and asking for the cause: herniation
58. Micrograph of an enviromenteal pulmonar pathology: ASBESTOS, IRON, SILICE??
59. One case of children saying no (age 13 ) and parent saying yes: PARENTS DECIDE
60. ONE example of a COHORT study
61. Case in which they measure basopphiles in a patient and give a value of 4 with a confidence interval of 1-9, the question is what can they do to narrow that CI: take another sample
62. Best treatment for alcoholics: AA
63. Disulfiram increses : aldehide dehidrogenase
64. Treatment of opiates withdrawal: naloxone ( it may look simple butr he question is really misleading)
65. Manic patient: lithium
66. Variable response from the parents after a child tamper tantrums : variable ratio
67. One case of denial (really easy)
68. One case of regression ( also easy to catch)
69. Case of identity formation in a :NORMAL TEENAGER
70. A child 2yo crying after is carried by the Doctor and relaxing once is back to mom's arms: is normal development, NOT SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER (note that this will be the case if we are talking about school phobia)
71. Case of sleep apnea
72. Psychiatric patient that has had all the medication : manic Vs squizophrenic
73. Patient with antisocial personalty
74. Sedation in antidepresive is associated to ANTYDEPRESIVE EFFECT
75. Patient with otitis media and then nystagmus : vestibular function affected
76. It's a problem in kartagener (case) : dyneyin
77. What cells are located in white matter of CNS: olygodendrocytes
78. Look at graph 22 of anatomy page: pay attention where the CN VII is coming out
79. Case of paralysis of upward gaze: Pineal tumor to localize in saggital view
80. Irrigation of the pancreas: celiac artery
81. Remember the terrible triad for knee lesion, and the question was focused in which of the components of the knee was spared: lateral meniscus
82. Proptosis and anesthesia in the forehead and all the muscles of the eye: orbital tumor
83. Erb paralysis description and show a braquial plexus graphic: lesion localized c5-6
84. Partial claw: ULNAR lesion
85. Site for N glycosilation: RER
86. Function of gap functions: ion transport
87. Melanocites comes from: neural crest cell (localized it in a 5 week old embryo
88. Transport of IgA in intestine: M cell
89. Case of hipospadia: failure to closure of urethral folds
90. Cleft lip and palate photograph: failure to fuse maxillary prominence with nasal (lateral or medial) prominence
91. No mitochondria: virus
92. Oxphos in bacteria: in the cytoplasm membrane
93. Diphteroid toxin: inhibition elongation factor
94. Acid fast, diarrhea and AIDS: cryptosporidium
95. How rinne and weber test are like if you have cerumen in your ear
96. What hormone will be using a Zinc finger ( they don't sayit, just describe it.. like intracellulaer
97. What happen if a drug start binding to a protein: increase half life
98. What will have to be cut for a gene not to trasncribe: 5'UTR (the answer is relating to the TATA box)
99. The steriod hormones bind : enhancer in the DNA
100. Patient with an elisa just positive to hiv, what do you do next: Western Blot (pay attention that the other option are very misleading).
101. Ask for one antioxidante in a complex question: Vit E
102. 2 drug with the same V max, and ask for potency: Drug a is on the left is more potent than drug B
103. Add co2 (case of a patient hypoventilating) to a curve of hemogobin: Shift to the right
104. What do you give in a case with a patient treated with heparin and warfarin, and the pt is prolonged and ptt normal: Vit K (be careful, cuz all the options are there).
105. Case of a person fasting for 5 days and then ask which anzyme is active: FRUCTOSE 1,6 BIPHOSPHATASE (part of gluconeogenesis)
106. Why a neonate is not affected in sickle cell disease. The question os focused on the diffence between maternal Hb and fetal Hb: B GLOBIN IS NOT PRESENT IN FETAL HB AND IS THE ONE AFFECTED
107. inhibitor of P450 ( stated as another drug's toxicity in combination with this one): CIMETIDINE
108. Orthostatic hipotension case product of a use of X drug: direct blocking of alpha agonist
109. Case of malignant hyperthermia: use Dantrolene
110. Elevated in a destruction of hyphofisis (describe a case of masive bleeding post partum): increase prolactin
111. Morphine intoxication: action of mu receptor
112. Injection of 1 liter of saline, start seen diuresis, the cause will be: increase atrial natriuretic factor. ( is a very confusing question because you see everything including aldosterone, ADH, carotid sinus, carotid bodies, but they are all heading to the opposite direction. It took me a long time to answer this question
113. What happen to the PR, QRS, a other parameters with muscarinic stimulaton (you figure it out the answer)
114. Show a graphic of peniciline, tetracyclin and penicilin + tetracyclin and ask why the combination does not improve the dissapearance of the bacteria (all of the options make sense): the ANSWER IS RELATED TO THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTY OF PENICILIN AND NOT TETRACYCLIN (bacteriostatic).
115. Description of ofloxacin and it's function of
: inhibition of DNA
Gyrase
116. profilaxis in a cloroquine sensitive malaria zone: pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine
117. action of aspirin and show a graphic where you see endothelial cell, platetelts, RBC, WBC: PLATELETS is the answer
118. after head trauma urine osmolarity of 700 : SIADH
119. find the Half life of a drug given clearance and volume of distribution: REMEMBER THAT CL= K x Vd and that half life is = .7 / k ( I just realized I ddn't get this question right.
----------------------------------------------------------
Physiology
1) Endocrine chapter
There was one question where yu had to know PIF( prolactin inhibitory
factor) so if there was any injury to the hy pothalamus there would be an increase in the secretion of
prolactin.
2) Also know your 21b - hydroxylases, 11- b hydroxylases very well. Know which increases BP and which is responsible for a decreaseBP
3) There was one question on Primary hypoPARAthyroidism where the patient had undergone surgery so yu had to know that the given values were for primary hypo --- so basically 2 clues were given. - so guys know primary /secondary know them well do not confuse between the two
4) similarly there was also this question on 1,25 DHCC - the active form of vitamin D - know that it requires PTH for its actions
5)know Graves disease well know well thwe differences between primary/secondary thyroidism in relation to T4 and TSH these are simple things but reinforce them because there is a tendency to confuse them at crucial moments.
6) there was on question on MIF - this question is v. imp so look it up in the book.
7)there was on Q on - there were 4-5 graphs where it showed LH and FSH, yu had to ID the right one.
Cardivascular
1) this small vinette clearly talked about a crescendo - decrescendo murmur--- Aortic stenosis-I suggest do the other ones also- like AR, MS,MR - know what their graphs look like-understand their mechanisms well -basically refer to Goljan's class notes if yu need to
2) know Fetal circulation v.well, this Q asked about PO2 concentration( could have been an Embryo Q - doesn't matter-but know the relevant embryo theory)
3) one Q on Red and white muscle fibres know their details well
4) the other Q's I can recall I will post them under Patho section
Acid-Base
1) know the graphs from Goljan path class notes the q's I got were pretty Simple not the kind in Goljan's notes but be familiar with the graphs they look exactly the same - do know a little bit about compensation/un-compensation, know the axis, because on of the graph had PO2 on one axis and something else but it was not ph or bicarb
Renal
1) surprisingly there was only 1 question on this section , although more Pharm related as it asked about diuretics-iii will put it under Pharm
Gastro-Intestinal
They asked one Q on a women who was vomiting ---- hypokalemia, this was what was required in the ans, but also know that there is metabolic alkalosis, additionally there is metabolic acidosis in diarrhea - just confirm my ans from your notes.
-------------------------------------------------------------
C/S= Case study
SE= side effects
1. at least 3 Qs on vitamin B12 defiency.
2. Vancomycin's action
3.Cislastatin's action
4.C/S- vit D excess
5.C/S- Paget's dis of bone in an elderly lady.
6.c/s- man with very low Na, high urine osmolarity- he has lung CA
7. factitiou insulin injection
8. Know type 2 diabetes really well, at least 3 or 4 questions.
9.Know tyrosine kinase receptor really well, a few Qs.
10.Doxorubincin-SE is dilated cardiomyopathy.
11.ACE enzyme-where is it produced.
12.Know bradykinin and its asso with ace very well.
13. At least 3 Qs on acid/base curve from physio- they want to know where the person who just arrived at the high altitude is on the graph.
14.Transfusion and hepC infection.
15. Estrogen decreases heart dis
16.picture of osteogenic imperfecta in kid.
17.C/S- pul.fibrosis
18.C/S-primary hypothroidism
19. multiple myeloma picture-plasma cells
20.C/S-spherocytosis
21.picture of kid with slapped cheek-B19 virus
22.C/S-AIDS patient has purple lesions on skin. which virus group?-Herpes
23.C/S-medulloblastoma in kid
24.Know alzheimer's really well-at least 3 Qs
25. C/S-man with parkinson symptoms, which neurotransmitter is involved.
26.Hep B and PAN
27.anterior compartment syndrome, which nerve is involved.
28.C/S-they describe axillary nerve lesion and asked which nerve.
29.C/S- wrist drop, loss of extension-radial nerve
30.C/S- Brouton's agammaglobulinemia
31.C3b and opsonization are related-at least 2 Qs
32.C/S-N.gonorrhea in a lady-
33.parathroid and thymus come from 3rd pouch 34.A man is bitten by a snake that interferes with Ach
receptors-what is the mechanism?
1 what is responsible for curvature of bladder in women -uterus
2 Scar tissues in brain no astrocytes so i put fibroblasts.
3 site of prostrate gland-beneath the bladder
4 ct scan of internal capsule and asked deficit as a result of lesion of the genu of the internal capsule-contralateral motor/sensory loss on the face
5 molecular structure of nucleoside analogue and mode of action-chain termination.
6 acyclovir activation by viral thymidine kinase.
7 tissue affected by decreased oxygen - brain.
8 visual impairement on temporal lobe lesion -upper quadrantopia.
9 drug withdrawn after hysterectomy-progesterone
10 effect of theophylline on adenosine-antagonism
11 enzyme activated by estrogen -rna polymerase
12 immune cell involved in cancer prevention-cytotoxic T cell
13 hypertensive brain injury-cerebral hemorrhage
14 effect of mannitol on pt with raised ICP -herniation ophthalmoscopy of elderly man with macular degeneration
16 regional flow in lungs-base highest
17 pt with acute pyelonephritis-wbc casts.
18 phenoxybenzymine-alpha 1,2 blocker
19 axn of acetylcholine- nicotinic receptor stimulation.
20 additional finding in anorexia nervosa-amenorrhea
21 amiloride-na chanel blocker in dct.
22 pt on quinidine with atrial fibrillation-digoxin 1st.
23 abnormal hormone in non lactating woman with amenorrhea-decreased GnRH
24 pt with renal casts site of pathology-glomerulus
25 pt with bilateral hydronephrosis with swollen bladder site of pathology-urethral obstruction.
26 finasteride 5 alpha reductase inhibitor
27 cholera toxin Gs protein ribosylation
28 effect of viral coat on virus -more susceptible to loss of virulence
29 hormone increased in ascitis-aldosterone
30 albuterol beta2 agonist
31 propranol contraindicated in ashmatics
32 organ secondirily affected in cirrhosis of Liver-splenomegaly
31 pancreatitis pain refered to the back
32 amniotic fluid embolism -causes DIC SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN decreased in hemolytic anemia
34type of anemia in chronic lymphocytic leukamia-autoimmune hemolytic anemia
35neonatal resp distress syndrome-no surfactant
36carnithine defcy-no beta oxid of long chain fatty acids
37blood supply of clitoris-int. pudendal art.[not sure] lesion of common peroneal nerve-foot drop.
39midshaft fracture of humerus radial nerve.
40streptokinase converts plasminogen to plasmin.
41findings 30mins after MI -neutrophilic infiltration
42cranial nv 5 on mri-midpons.
43fasciculus cuneatus on spinal cord-lateral cervical cord
44sexual disorder in elderly-no change in sexual interest
45emotional involvement in doctor pt relationship-countertransference
46phosphorus increased in chronic renal failure
47methyl dopa -alpha 2 agonist
48daunorubicin -cardiotoxicity
49TB site -upper lobe of lung
50pancoasts tumor causes superior vena caval syndrome
51calculation of specificity,sensitivity,odds ratio-be very careful the jumple up the table to confuse you[bastards].
52calculate calories interms of intake of cho,proteins,fats-[cho/proteins-4kcal/kg,fat-9kcal/kg.]
53Gp 120 attachement of Hiv virus.
----------------------------------------------------
1. Pancreas biopsy in cystic fibrosis patient: ATROPHY
2. How do you treat bee stung: Dyphenhydramine or epinephrine
3. Kwashiorkor Vs Marasmo
4. Epidural bleeding : Meningeal Artery
5. Rapidly progressive dementia with neurofibrillary tangles (alzheimer, not an option):
Kreutzfeld Jacob and Hungtinton
6. Collagen type 1 in ehlers dahnlos
7. Genetic diseases
8. Palindrome
9. Auer Rods: AML
10. Cilia that look like villa ( but because it's cross section I was able to differentiate: ask for their function
11. Picture of a tumor in skin with central depression
12. Relative risk deducted from a graphic
13. Case of hemolytic anemia and ask is equivalent to Rheumatic fever
14. IL2: ???
15. 15. Cortex of lymph node: B lymphocytes
16. Hepatitis: CD8 cytotoxic
17. What happen to the cell surrounding the infarct??
18. Parathyroid : K is low
19. Gives tensile strengh to skin: collagen type 1
20. Case of HUS: high split products
21. Hemophilia common complication: hemorrhage in the joints
22. I case of a klinnefelter: 47 XXY (know the characteristics)
23. I kid with tay sach ( def of hexaminidase) What 's the problem: Accumulation of material in the CNS
24. Absence of anterior mediastinum shadow, what else could be missing: PARATHIROID
( DI GEORGE SND)
25. Ingestion of pills, then 2 days later : Hepatic reaction: Acetaminophen
26. Anemia macro ( in fresh ) with neurolog sx: cianocobalamine (b12)
27. New onset of paralysis after sex in the pelvis area without any alteration of pinprick or JPS pain or Temperature: CONVERSION SND
28. Case of mesothelioma: ASBESTOS
29. Case of cardiomipathy from Brazil: CHAGAS
30. Temporal arteritis diagnosed by micrograph
31. Classification of an aneurysm based on its sound between syphiils, dissecting, atherosclerotic: ???
32. Inferior mesenteric artery occluded supplettion of that zone by:
33. Underventilated with normal perfusion: Pulmonary shunt
34. Case of emphysema and pathology show
estruction of alveolar walls 35. Membranous glomerulonephritis to differentiate among the other GN that produce nphro snd in terms of light microscopy, subepithelial deposits and immunofluorescence
36. Interphase halve where x and the other y
37. Down sind with vomiting and polyhidramnios: duodenal atresia
38. High risk of colon cancer: multiple polyps
39. What ar easophageal varices from ): gastric veins
40. (showing attenuated villi and suspended feces): Celiac disease
41. gram (-) curved microareophilyc: campylobacter
42. grapes in the photo: complete mole
43. grapes again but bigger: hidatiform mole
44. alpha feto protein eleveted: next step: ammniocentesis (15 weeks)
45. common complication of BPH: infection (is not malignant transformation)
46. high TSH: hypothiroidism (the question pointed to hashimoto)
47. zone of adrenal gland affected if remove hypofisiS: FASCICULAR
48. Differentiate between insulinoma and autoadenoma of inlusin: PEPTIDE C
49. Case of osteogenesis imperfecta show a deficiency in : COLLAGEN TYPE 1
50. Increased prevalence also inrease: POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE
51. Review neuraminidase and hemaglutinin in virology
52. Case of ethanol and hepatic changes: fatty changes vs liver cirrosis
53. Case of mass in tubaric ovary and yolk sac in utero with incresing BHCG: ??? (ectopic pregnancy??)
54. Bacfterial meningitis: answer with all the parameters: opening pressure high, glucose low, protein high, wbc and leukos
55. Case of lost of pain and temperature : localize the disease in the spin
56. Brain tumor in the third ventricle: ???
57. Deterioration of CNS trauma and asking for the cause: herniation
58. Micrograph of an enviromenteal pulmonar pathology: ASBESTOS, IRON, SILICONE??
59. One case of children saying no (age 13 ) and parent saying yes: PARENTS DECIDE
60. ONE example of a COHORT study
61. Case in which they measure basopphiles in a patient and give a value of 4 with a confidence interval of 1-9, the question is what can they do to narrow that CI: take another sample
62. Best treatment for alcoholics: AA
63. Disulfiram increses : aldehide dehidrogenase
64. Treatment of opiates withdrawal: naloxone ( it may look simple butr the question is really misleading)
65. Manic patient: lithium
66. Variable response from the parents after a child tamper tantrums : variable ratio
67. One case of denial (really easy)
68. One case of regression ( also easy to catch)
69. Case of identity formation in a :NORMAL TEENAGER
70. A child 2yo crying after is carried by the doctor and relaxing once is back to mom's arms: is normal development, NOT SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER (note that this will be the case if we are talking about school phobia)
71. Case of sleep apnea
72. Psychiatric patient that has had all the medication : manic Vs squizophrenic
73. Patient with antisocial personalty
74. Sedation in antidepresive is associated to ANTYDEPRESIVE EFFECT
75. Patient with otitis media and then nystagmus : vestibular function affected 76. It's a problem in kartagener (case) : dyneyin
77. What cells are located in white matter of CNS: olygodendrocytes
78. Look at graph 22 of anatomy page: pay attention where the CN VII is
79. Case of paralysis of upward gaze: Pineal tumor to localize in saggital view
80. Irrigation of the pancreas: celiac artery
81. Remember the terrible triad for knee lesion, and the question was focused in which of the components of the knee was spared: lateral meniscus
82. Proptosis and anesthesia in the forehead and all the muscles of the eye: orbital tumor
83. Erb paralysis description and show a braquial plexus graphic: lesion localized c5-6
84. Partial claw: ULNAR lesion
85. Site for N glycosilation: RER
86. Function of gap functions: ion transport
87. Melanocites comes from: neural crest cell (localized it in a 5 week old embryo
88. Transport of IgA in intestine: M cell
89. Case of hipospadia: failure to closure of urethral folds
90. Cleft lip and palate photograph: failure to fuse maxillary prominence with nasal (lateral or medial) prominence
91. No mitochondria: virus
92. Oxphos in bacteria: in the cytoplasm membrane
93. Diphteroid toxin: inhibition elongation factor
94. Acid fast, diarrhea and AIDS: cryptosporidium
95. How rinne and weber test are like if you have cerumen in your ear
96. What hormone will be using a Zinc finger ( they don't sayit, just describe it.. like intracellulaer
97. What happen if a drug start binding to a protein: increase half life
98. What will have to be cut for a gene not to trasncribe: 5'UTR (the answer is relating to the TATA box)
99. The steriod hormones bind : enhancer in the DNA
100. Patient with an elisa just positive to hiv, what do you do next: Western Blot (pay attention that the other option are very misleading).
101. Ask for one antioxidante in a complex question: Vit E
102. 2 drug with the same V max, and ask for potency: Drug a is on the left is more potent than drug B
103. Add co2 (case of a patient hypoventilating) to a curve of hemogobin: Shift to the right
104. What do you give in a case with a patient treated with heparin and warfarin, and the pt is prolonged and ptt normal: Vit K (becareful, cuz all the options are there).
105. Case of a person fasting for 5 days and then ask which anzyme is active: FRUCTOSE 1,6 BIPHOSPHATASE (part of gluconeogenesis)
106. Why a neonate is not affected in sickle cell disease. The question os focused on the diffence between maternal Hb and fetal Hb: B GLOBIN IS NOT PRESENT IN
FETAL HB AND IS THE ONE AFFECTED
107. inhibitor of P450 ( stated as another drug's toxicity in combination with this one): CIMETIDINE
108. Orthostatic hipotension case product of a use of X drug: direct blocking of alpha agonist
109. Case of malignant hyperthermia: use Dantrolene
110. Elevated in a destruction of hyphofisis (describe a case of masive bleeding post partum): increase prolactin
111. Morphine intoxication: action of mu receptor
112. Injection of 1 liter of saline, start seen diuresis, the cause will be: increase atrial natriuretic factor. ( is a very confusing question because you see everything including aldosterone, ADH, carotid sinus, carotid bodies, but they are all heading to the opposite direction.
113. What happen to the PR, QRS, a other parameters with muscarinic stimulaton (you figure it out the answer)
114. Show a graphic of peniciline, tetracyclin and penicilin + tetracyclin and ask why the combination does not improve the dissapearance of the bacteria (all of the options make sense): the ANSWER IS RELATED TO THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTY OF PENICILIN
AND NOT TETRACYCLIN (bacteriostatic).
115. Description of ofloxacin and it's function of : inhibition of DNA Gyrase
116. profilaxis in a cloroquine sensitive malaria zone: pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine
117. action of aspirin and show a graphic where you see endothelial cell, platetelts, RBC, WBC: PLATELETS is the answer
118. after head trauma urine osmolarity of 700 : SIADH
119. find the Half life of a drug given clearance and volume of distribution: REMEMBER THAT CL= K x Vd and that half life is = .7 / k
---------------------------------------------------------------
BIOCHEM
1) Glycolysis: This question mentioned an alcoholic and in which part of this cycle would the NADH be converted back to NAD in an anaerobic cycle -- ANS one of the choices was Pyruvate to Lactate.
2) Gluconeogenesis This is a tricky question ; They asked where lactic acidosis would occuri in Gluconeogenesis, and what yu had to know here is which vitamin would be defficient-ANS Biotin?!! Yu still have to go back and look at the cycle where Pyruvat e can be converted to Lactate and this contributes to making Pyruvate .etc --
3) Fatty acid synthesis: know about the clathrin coated pits and everything related to that. I did not get anuything else in that chapter, but also know the what makes Arachidonic Acid etc.
4) Amino acid Metabolism: Know where carbomyl synthtase 2 takes place. Inner/outer mitochondrial memberane./ matrix /cytoplasm - tha ans is cytoplasm., know where Pyrimethamine acts DHFR??
5) Know where Dipthereia toxin acts-- inhibits translocation., also streptomycin what stage of protein synthesis does it inhibit - ans . initiation.
6) Know the PCR/DNA/RNA techniques v.well
7) I got one question on PKU
8) I/2 question on Tyrosine metabolism - know this v.well from Lippincotts diagrams 9) Know fatty acid synthesis -NADPH is used here.
---------------------------------------------------------------
1. Pancreas biopsy in cystic fibrosis patient: ATROPHY
2. How do you treat bee stung: Dyphenhydramine or epinephrine
3. Kwashiorkor Vs Marasmo
4. Epidural bleeding : Meningeal Artery
5. Rapidly progressive dementia with neurofibrillary tangles (alzheimer
noit an option): Kreutzfeld Jacob and Hungtinton
6. Collagen type 1 in edhers dahnlos
7. Genetic diseases
8. Palindrome
9. Auer Rods: AML
10. Cilia that look like villa ( but because it's cross section I was able to differentiate: ask for their function
11. Picture of a tumor in skin with central depression
12. Relative risk deducted from a graphic
13. Case of hemolytic anemia and ask is equivalent to : Rheumatic fever
14. IL2: ???
15. Cortex of lymph node: B lymphocytes
16. Hepatitis: CD8 citotoxic
17. What happen to the cell surrounding the infarct: ??
18. Parathyroid : K is low
19. Gives tensile sthrengh to skin: collagen type 1
20. Case of HUS: high split products
21. Hemophilia common complication: hemorrhage in the joints
22. I case of a klinnefelter: 47 XXY (know the characteristics)
23. I kid with tay sach ( def of hexaminidase) What 's the problem: Accumulation of material in the CNS
24. Absence of anterior mediastinum shadow, what else could be missing: PARATHIROID ( DI GEORGE SND)
25. Ingestion of pills, then 2 days later : Hepatic reaction: Acetaminophen
26. Anemia macro ( in fresh ) with neurolog sx: cianocobalamine (b12)
27. New onset of paralysis after sex in the pelvis area without any
alteration of pinprick or JPS pain or Temperature: CONVERSION SND
28. Case of mesothelioma: ASBESTOS
29. Case of cardiomipathy from Brazil: CHAGAS
30. Temporal arteritis diagnosed by micrograph
31. Classification of an aneurysm based on its sound between shiphiils, dissecting, atherosclerotic: ???
32. Inferior mesenteric artery occluded supplettion of that zone by:
33. Underventilated with normal perfusion: Pulmonary shunt
34. Case of emphysema and pathology show: destruction of alveolar walls
35. Membranous glomerulonephritis to differentiate among the other GN that produce nphro snd in terms of light microscopy, subepithelial deposits and immunofluorescence
36. Interphase halve where x and the other y
37. Down sind with vomiting and polyhidramnios: duodenal atresia
38. High risk of colon cancer: multiple polyps
39. What ar easophageal varices ffom ): gastric veins
40. (showing attenuated villi and suspended feces): Celiac disease
41. gram (-) curved microareophilyc: campylobacter
42. grapes in the photo: complete mole
43. grapes again but bigger: hidatiform mole
44. alpha feto protein eleveted: next step: ammniocentesis (15 weeks)
45. common complication of BPH: infection (is not malignant transformation)
46. high TSH: hypothiroidism (the question pointed to hashimoto)
47. zone of adrenal gland affected if remove hypofisiS: FASCICULAR
48. Differentiate between insulinoma and autoadmon of inlusin: PEPTIDE C
49. Case of osteogenesis imperfecta show a deficiency in : COLLAGEN TYPE 1
50. Increased prevalence also inrease: POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE
51. Review neuraminidase and hemaglutinin in virology
52. Case of ethanol and hepatic changes: fatty changes vs liver cirrosis
53. Case of mass in tubaric ovary and yolk sac in utero with incresing BHCG: ??? (ectopic pregnancy??)
54. Bacfterial meningitis: answer with all the parameters: opening pressure high, glucose low, protein high, wbc and leukos
55. Case of lost of pain and temperature : localize the disease in the spin
56. Brain tumor in the third ventricle: ???
57. Deterioration of CNS trauma and asking for the cause: herniation
58. Micrograph of an enviromenteal pulmonar pathology: ASBESTOS, IRON, SILICE??
59. One case of children saying no (age 13 ) and parent saying yes: PARENTS DECIDE
60. ONE example of a COHORT study
61. Case in which they measure basopphiles in a patient and give a value of 4 with a confidence interval of 1-9, the question is what can they do to narrow that CI: take another sample
62. Best treatment for alcoholics: AA
63. Disulfiram increses : aldehide dehidrogenase
64. Treatment of opiates withdrawal: naloxone ( it may look simple butr he question is really misleading)
65. Manic patient: lithium
66. Variable response from the parents after a child tamper tantrums : variable ratio
67. One case of denial (really easy)
68. One case of regression ( also easy to catch)
69. Case of identity formation in a :NORMAL TEENAGER
70. A child 2yo crying after is carried by the Doctor and relaxing once is back to mom's arms: is normal development, NOT SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER (note that this will be the case if we are talking about school phobia)
71. Case of sleep apnea
72. Psychiatric patient that has had all the medication : manic Vs squizophrenic
73. Patient with antisocial personalty
74. Sedation in antidepresive is associated to ANTYDEPRESIVE EFFECT
75. Patient with otitis media and then nystagmus : vestibular function affected
76. It's a problem in kartagener (case) : dyneyin
77. What cells are located in white matter of CNS: olygodendrocytes
78. Look at graph 22 of anatomy page: pay attention where the CN VII is coming out
79. Case of paralysis of upward gaze: Pineal tumor to localize in saggital view
80. Irrigation of the pancreas: celiac artery
81. Remember the terrible triad for knee lesion, and the question was focused in which of the components of the knee was spared: lateral meniscus
82. Proptosis and anesthesia in the forehead and all the muscles of the eye: orbital tumor
83. Erb paralysis description and show a braquial plexus graphic: lesion localized c5-6
84. Partial claw: ULNAR lesion
85. Site for N glycosilation: RER
86. Function of gap functions: ion transport
87. Melanocites comes from: neural crest cell (localized it in a 5 week old embryo
88. Transport of IgA in intestine: M cell
89. Case of hipospadia: failure to closure of urethral folds
90. Cleft lip and palate photograph: failure to fuse maxillary prominence with nasal (lateral or medial) prominence
91. No mitochondria: virus
92. Oxphos in bacteria: in the cytoplasm membrane
93. Diphteroid toxin: inhibition elongation factor
94. Acid fast, diarrhea and AIDS: cryptosporidium
95. How rinne and weber test are like if you have cerumen in your ear
96. What hormone will be using a Zinc finger ( they don't sayit, just describe it.. like intracellulaer
97. What happen if a drug start binding to a protein: increase half life
98. What will have to be cut for a gene not to trasncribe: 5'UTR (the answer is relating to the TATA box)
99. The steriod hormones bind : enhancer in the DNA
100. Patient with an elisa just positive to hiv, what do you do next: Western Blot (pay attention that the other option are very misleading).
101. Ask for one antioxidante in a complex question: Vit E
102. 2 drug with the same V max, and ask for potency: Drug a is on the left is more potent than drug B
103. Add co2 (case of a patient hypoventilating) to a curve of hemogobin: Shift to the right
104. What do you give in a case with a patient treated with heparin and warfarin, and the pt is prolonged and ptt normal: Vit K (be careful, cuz all the options are there).
105. Case of a person fasting for 5 days and then ask which anzyme is active: FRUCTOSE 1,6 BIPHOSPHATASE (part of gluconeogenesis)
106. Why a neonate is not affected in sickle cell disease. The question os focused on the diffence between maternal Hb and fetal Hb: B GLOBIN IS NOT PRESENT IN FETAL HB AND IS THE ONE AFFECTED
107. inhibitor of P450 ( stated as another drug's toxicity in combination with this one): CIMETIDINE
108. Orthostatic hipotension case product of a use of X drug: direct blocking of alpha agonist
109. Case of malignant hyperthermia: use Dantrolene
110. Elevated in a destruction of hyphofisis (describe a case of masive bleeding post partum): increase prolactin
111. Morphine intoxication: action of mu receptor
112. Injection of 1 liter of saline, start seen diuresis, the cause will be: increase atrial natriuretic factor. ( is a very confusing question because you see everything including aldosterone, ADH, carotid sinus, carotid bodies, but they are all heading to the opposite direction. It took me a long time to answer this question
113. What happen to the PR, QRS, a other parameters with muscarinic stimulaton (you figure it out the answer)
114. Show a graphic of peniciline, tetracyclin and penicilin + tetracyclin and ask why the combination does not improve the dissapearance of the bacteria (all of the options make sense): the ANSWER IS RELATED TO THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTY OF PENICILIN AND NOT TETRACYCLIN (bacteriostatic).
115. Description of ofloxacin and it's function of
: inhibition of DNA
Gyrase
116. profilaxis in a cloroquine sensitive malaria zone: pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine
117. action of aspirin and show a graphic where you see endothelial cell, platetelts, RBC, WBC: PLATELETS is the answer
118. after head trauma urine osmolarity of 700 : SIADH
119. find the Half life of a drug given clearance and volume of distribution: REMEMBER THAT CL= K x Vd and that half life is = .7 / k ( I just realized I ddn't get this question right.
----------------------------------------------------------
Physiology
1) Endocrine chapter
There was one question where yu had to know PIF( prolactin inhibitory
factor) so if there was any injury to the hy pothalamus there would be an increase in the secretion of
prolactin.
2) Also know your 21b - hydroxylases, 11- b hydroxylases very well. Know which increases BP and which is responsible for a decreaseBP
3) There was one question on Primary hypoPARAthyroidism where the patient had undergone surgery so yu had to know that the given values were for primary hypo --- so basically 2 clues were given. - so guys know primary /secondary know them well do not confuse between the two
4) similarly there was also this question on 1,25 DHCC - the active form of vitamin D - know that it requires PTH for its actions
5)know Graves disease well know well thwe differences between primary/secondary thyroidism in relation to T4 and TSH these are simple things but reinforce them because there is a tendency to confuse them at crucial moments.
6) there was on question on MIF - this question is v. imp so look it up in the book.
7)there was on Q on - there were 4-5 graphs where it showed LH and FSH, yu had to ID the right one.
Cardivascular
1) this small vinette clearly talked about a crescendo - decrescendo murmur--- Aortic stenosis-I suggest do the other ones also- like AR, MS,MR - know what their graphs look like-understand their mechanisms well -basically refer to Goljan's class notes if yu need to
2) know Fetal circulation v.well, this Q asked about PO2 concentration( could have been an Embryo Q - doesn't matter-but know the relevant embryo theory)
3) one Q on Red and white muscle fibres know their details well
4) the other Q's I can recall I will post them under Patho section
Acid-Base
1) know the graphs from Goljan path class notes the q's I got were pretty Simple not the kind in Goljan's notes but be familiar with the graphs they look exactly the same - do know a little bit about compensation/un-compensation, know the axis, because on of the graph had PO2 on one axis and something else but it was not ph or bicarb
Renal
1) surprisingly there was only 1 question on this section , although more Pharm related as it asked about diuretics-iii will put it under Pharm
Gastro-Intestinal
They asked one Q on a women who was vomiting ---- hypokalemia, this was what was required in the ans, but also know that there is metabolic alkalosis, additionally there is metabolic acidosis in diarrhea - just confirm my ans from your notes.
-------------------------------------------------------------
C/S= Case study
SE= side effects
1. at least 3 Qs on vitamin B12 defiency.
2. Vancomycin's action
3.Cislastatin's action
4.C/S- vit D excess
5.C/S- Paget's dis of bone in an elderly lady.
6.c/s- man with very low Na, high urine osmolarity- he has lung CA
7. factitiou insulin injection
8. Know type 2 diabetes really well, at least 3 or 4 questions.
9.Know tyrosine kinase receptor really well, a few Qs.
10.Doxorubincin-SE is dilated cardiomyopathy.
11.ACE enzyme-where is it produced.
12.Know bradykinin and its asso with ace very well.
13. At least 3 Qs on acid/base curve from physio- they want to know where the person who just arrived at the high altitude is on the graph.
14.Transfusion and hepC infection.
15. Estrogen decreases heart dis
16.picture of osteogenic imperfecta in kid.
17.C/S- pul.fibrosis
18.C/S-primary hypothroidism
19. multiple myeloma picture-plasma cells
20.C/S-spherocytosis
21.picture of kid with slapped cheek-B19 virus
22.C/S-AIDS patient has purple lesions on skin. which virus group?-Herpes
23.C/S-medulloblastoma in kid
24.Know alzheimer's really well-at least 3 Qs
25. C/S-man with parkinson symptoms, which neurotransmitter is involved.
26.Hep B and PAN
27.anterior compartment syndrome, which nerve is involved.
28.C/S-they describe axillary nerve lesion and asked which nerve.
29.C/S- wrist drop, loss of extension-radial nerve
30.C/S- Brouton's agammaglobulinemia
31.C3b and opsonization are related-at least 2 Qs
32.C/S-N.gonorrhea in a lady-
33.parathroid and thymus come from 3rd pouch 34.A man is bitten by a snake that interferes with Ach
receptors-what is the mechanism?
