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Extracellular toxins are ones that are secreted out of the cell to carry out their activity, whereas endotoxins are released from the cell on death. (just now covering this in my bacterial pathogenesis class)
 
equineconstant said:
Extracellular toxins are ones that are secreted out of the cell to carry out their activity, whereas endotoxins are released from the cell on death. (just now covering this in my bacterial pathogenesis class)
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So extracellular toxins = exotoxins? But why are endotoxins listed as an extracellular toxin that binds to receptors?
 
PetPony said:
So extracellular toxins = exotoxins? But why are endotoxins listed as an extracellular toxin that binds to receptors?
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They both are extracellular toxins and both bind to receptors on host cells. I think exotoxins can do other things to damage the host cell other than binding to receptors, ie creating a pore, not 100% though. Only certain types of bacteria can produce endotoxins while most can produce exotoxins. Here is good comparison of the two: http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/HostParasiteInteractions/ExovsEndo.htm
 
PetPony said:
Thank you! So extracellular toxins are just all the toxins that come from extracellular bacteria?
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So, I've never used the term extracellular bacteria. Most bacteria live outside host cells (some can evade host immune system by living in host cells, but most do not) and produce their toxins outside of the host cell. They produce toxins, which bind to receptors on the host cell to cause some effect (extracellular). Or they can produce a toxin that disrupts the cell membrane by punching a hole/pore in the membrane to cause lysis. I'm sure there are other mechanisms to how bacteria affect host cells..
 
Ok, I think I got it now.. :laugh: Thank you. 🙂

Also, I have no clue what to write about for NaNoWriMo.. 🙁
 
Oh, yeah, my class hasn't been differentiating between extracellular toxins and exotoxins. If they are distinguished that way, I think extracellular toxin could be defined as any toxin produced by extracellular bacteria. I don't really see how endotoxin could be classified as an extracellular toxin otherwise. My classes definitely have made a distinction between extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
 
PetPony said:
Also, I have no clue what to write about for NaNoWriMo.. 🙁
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I'm writing about time travel. My main characters just met and got in the time machine, and I have no idea what happens next. I think I need to introduce my BBEG, but I have no idea who she is or what's her motivation...

How bad an idea would it be for me to start a NaNo thread on here?
 
equineconstant said:
I'm writing about time travel. My main characters just met and got in the time machine, and I have no idea what happens next. I think I need to introduce my BBEG, but I have no idea who she is or what's her motivation...

How bad an idea would it be for me to start a NaNo thread on here?
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I think it'd be a great idea. 😀

I'm looking through the adopt a plot thread now.. maybe I'll get some ideas..
 
equineconstant said:
Oh, yeah, my class hasn't been differentiating between extracellular toxins and exotoxins. If they are distinguished that way, I think extracellular toxin could be defined as any toxin produced by extracellular bacteria. I don't really see how endotoxin could be classified as an extracellular toxin otherwise. My classes definitely have made a distinction between extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
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We haven't used the term extracellular toxins in bacT, we just refer to them as endo or exotoxins. But, yeah, I guess if extracellular is produced by the cell and excreted, endotoxins are not extracellular toxins BUT are in the extracellular fluid and bind to host cell receptors on the outside of the cell.
 
equineconstant said:
Oh, yeah, my class hasn't been differentiating between extracellular toxins and exotoxins. If they are distinguished that way, I think extracellular toxin could be defined as any toxin produced by extracellular bacteria. I don't really see how endotoxin could be classified as an extracellular toxin otherwise. My classes definitely have made a distinction between extracellular and intracellular bacteria.
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A little late, but I think that the slide probably means that the action of the toxins is extracellular relative to the cell being infected, not the bacteria doing the infecting.
 
So a toxin, even if it is an exotoxin produced by an extracellular bacteria, that is transported into the cell it infects and has its actions there (interfering with normal metabolic actions of the cell for example), would be intracellular by that classification. An intracellular exotoxin. :laugh:
 
bring-it-sloth.jpg
 
nyanko said:
So a toxin, even if it is an exotoxin produced by an extracellular bacteria, that is transported into the cell it infects and has its actions there (interfering with normal metabolic actions of the cell for example), would be intracellular by that classification. An intracellular exotoxin. :laugh:
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That makes sense.. My prof didn't answer, but if he does, I can post it here if anyone cares. :laugh:
 
:laugh:
I'm watching Too Cute Baby Sloths on Animal Planet and I never realized how weird they really are.
 
Emiloo4 said:
:laugh:
I'm watching Too Cute Baby Sloths on Animal Planet and I never realized how weird they really are.
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I spent a few weeks down at the sanctuary where they filmed that. They really are amazing little beasts!
 
wildcatj said:
I spent a few weeks down at the sanctuary where they filmed that. They really are amazing little beasts!
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Oh wow that's awesome! They said it's the only one in the world???
Where is it? Costa Rica? I missed the beginning of the program.
 
Emiloo4 said:
Oh wow that's awesome! They said it's the only one in the world???
Where is it? Costa Rica? I missed the beginning of the program.
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There are couple other places that rehab sloths, but it's the only one that is sloth exclusive. And yes, it's in Limon, Costa Rica.
 
wildcatj said:
There are couple other places that rehab sloths, but it's the only one that is sloth exclusive. And yes, it's in Limon, Costa Rica.
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Very cool. It was really interesting watching that and learning how cool they are. I never realized just how slow they really are :laugh: And they poop once a week, on the ground. Neat little dudes. I bet that was a cool experience! 👍
 
Emiloo4 said:
Very cool. It was really interesting watching that and learning how cool they are. I never realized just how slow they really are :laugh: And they poop once a week, on the ground. Neat little dudes. I bet that was a cool experience! 👍
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Yeah, they are crazy amazing. The poop/pee thing is super weird. I saw an x-ray of an adult sloth with a full bladder (I'll see if I can find it again) and it is freaky. The bladder literally takes up the whole abdomen. It also means when they finally do pee they pee for a good 2 minutes straight and make faces like this:
View attachment Sloth pee.jpg

Edit: Tried looking for the x-ray, it was in an article from the national zoo, but the article's gone now.
 
wildcatj said:
Yeah, they are crazy amazing. The poop/pee thing is super weird. I saw an x-ray of an adult sloth with a full bladder (I'll see if I can find it again) and it is freaky. The bladder literally takes up the whole abdomen. It also means when they finally do pee they pee for a good 2 minutes straight and make faces like this:


Edit: Tried looking for the x-ray, it was in an article from the national zoo, but the article's gone now.
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Yeah they were showing the poo face and how long it took lol. They thought one of them was pregnant because she was so full of poo and gas :laugh:.
 
I'm super excited because the sloth at the zoo had a baby over the summer and we'll get to do a physical on it next month! I miss sloth cuddles!
 
So jealous of you guys that have zoo experience. I would love to volunteer at a zoo. Unfortunately, the closest one to me is 1.5 hours away and the state one is 3.5 hours. 🙁
 
Has anyone used the BLAST program in their cell biology class? I have to do a blast comparing three proteins using their protein accession numbers but i dont know how to enter the three numbers to do the blast, everytime i type in the three number it says theres an error? 😕 Can anyone help?
 
wolfspeaker said:
So jealous of you guys that have zoo experience. I would love to volunteer at a zoo. Unfortunately, the closest one to me is 1.5 hours away and the state one is 3.5 hours. 🙁
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🙁

Working at a zoo was one of the most fun things I did for experience. If you've got the extra money, why not take an international trip to help wildlife? That can also be incredibly fun and can get you some similar experiences in less time.
 
kanderson615 said:
🙁

Working at a zoo was one of the most fun things I did for experience. If you've got the extra money, why not take an international trip to help wildlife? That can also be incredibly fun and can get you some similar experiences in less time.
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There's one in Africa that I really wanna do. But it's just so expensive!
 
PetPony said:
There's one in Africa that I really wanna do. But it's just so expensive!
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If you look around carefully you can find some stuff that isn't so expensive. Africa is generally not going to be cheap though. I ended up spending just over $1000 to go to Costa Rica for 3 weeks, which is totally doable. I've looked into a lot of the programs in Africa and you're looking at spending $5000+ for maybe a month. That's not worth it to me. Obviously you're not going to work on as many cool animals, but South America is usually where you can get the most bang for your buck. Especially since flights are 1/3 of the price.
 
PetPony said:
There's one in Africa that I really wanna do. But it's just so expensive!
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^ This. It is so expensive! I have more to consider than just the cost of the trip. I have to factor in pet care for when I'm gone and the time off of work. No work means no money for that paycheck(or two). 🙁 I do have a goal of going on 1 trip somewhere before going to vet school. I figure that is a doable goal. 😎
 
Daydreamer03710 said:
Has anyone used the BLAST program in their cell biology class? I have to do a blast comparing three proteins using their protein accession numbers but i dont know how to enter the three numbers to do the blast, everytime i type in the three number it says theres an error? 😕 Can anyone help?
Click to expand...

We did a bioinformatics workshop in my biochem lab. Can't you just have 3 tabs up with each protein in a different tab? I don't think it can search multiple accession numbers at once, despite the (s) in the directions above the search box. I just tried.
 
Daydreamer03710 said:
Has anyone used the BLAST program in their cell biology class? I have to do a blast comparing three proteins using their protein accession numbers but i dont know how to enter the three numbers to do the blast, everytime i type in the three number it says theres an error? 😕 Can anyone help?
Click to expand...

I used it in my research a lot. You have to be more specific about what problem you're having though.
 
equineconstant said:
We did a bioinformatics workshop in my biochem lab. Can't you just have 3 tabs up with each protein in a different tab? I don't think it can search multiple accession numbers at once, despite the (s) in the directions above the search box. I just tried.
Click to expand...

I think the assignment is to compare them to each other, not to compare them to the entire database.

this is the page you want:

http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast...lasttab&LAST_PAGE=blastn&BLAST_INIT=blast2seq
 
wolfspeaker said:
^ This. It is so expensive! I have more to consider than just the cost of the trip. I have to factor in pet care for when I'm gone and the time off of work. No work means no money for that paycheck(or two). 🙁 I do have a goal of going on 1 trip somewhere before going to vet school. I figure that is a doable goal. 😎
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You should do it!

I literally had to save up for 2+ years to go on my trip to Thailand. Granted, I only worked during summers and winter break, but I still counted my pennies for those two years to make sure I'd have enough. I was so happy when it finally came time to buy the plane tickets 🙂

Unfortunately I've never seen a cheap trip to Africa, though I haven't looked into it much. It always seems to be the most expensive option; even my trip to Asia was cheaper than trips I've seen to Africa. I do agree with wildcatj that SA seems to be where you'd get the most out of your money.
 
Is it terrible that I'm laughing at all the grammatical and spelling mistakes that my high school's English teachers are making on Facebook? :laugh:
 
Daydreamer03710 said:
Has anyone used the BLAST program in their cell biology class? I have to do a blast comparing three proteins using their protein accession numbers but i dont know how to enter the three numbers to do the blast, everytime i type in the three number it says theres an error? 😕 Can anyone help?
Click to expand...

Which accession numbers? It should be pretty straightforward. You need BLASTP, and you should choose the option to compare two or more sequences.
 
PetPony said:
Is it terrible that I'm laughing at all the grammatical and spelling mistakes that my high school's English teachers are making on Facebook? :laugh:
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one of my high school friends became an English teacher... and then posted about how she got "tenor" at her job. it was so hard to resist correcting her.
 
I have to use these three numbers NOS1 protein accession number: NP_000611.1,
NOS2 protein accession number : NP_000616.3, and NOS3 protein accession number : NP_000594.2. But when I selected the compare two or more sequences option theres only two boxes to put in your sequences and when i try to put two numbers in the same box its says theres an error...


 
Daydreamer03710 said:
I have to use these three numbers NOS1 protein accession number: NP_000611.1,
NOS2 protein accession number : NP_000616.3, and NOS3 protein accession number : NP_000594.2. But when I selected the compare two or more sequences option theres only two boxes to put in your sequences and when i try to put two numbers in the same box its says theres an error...


Click to expand...

You can put two numbers in the query sequence field. You just have to put them on different lines. Type one, press enter, type the second.
 
I'm peacin' out for a few weeks. Two hell weeks back to back. Hoping to make it through. :scared:
I'll pop in to see interview invites 😀
 
😱 Just found out that a rock-rap song that I like is sung by a WHITE guy!! All this time I thought it was a black guy. :laugh:
 
To go out tonight, or to stay in. That is the question. No one that I want to hang out with is going out. 🙁 But I feel like I need to get out of the house/I stay in too often.

I wanted to be cleaning/rearranging things in the living room right now, but roommate just came home and went to take a nap, which could last 4 hours. *sigh* I would be making too much noise to do that.

I feel restless. I don't like it.
 
wolfspeaker said:
To go out tonight, or to stay in. That is the question. No one that I want to hang out with is going out. 🙁 But I feel like I need to get out of the house/I stay in too often.

I wanted to be cleaning/rearranging things in the living room right now, but roommate just came home and went to take a nap, which could last 4 hours. *sigh* I would be making too much noise to do that.

I feel restless. I don't like it.
Click to expand...

Well, to be fair it is Monday after all. Most people probably filled their desires of going out over the weekend :shrug:
 
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