refraction phenomenon apparent depth

[km1865]

I was wondering if BOTH of the following cases are possible:

If an object is underwater, then to the observer above the water will the object appear shallower/deeper AND/OR displaced horizontally? I ask because TBR gives an example of a penny appearing shallower under water (the same principle as: http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=3&filename=GeometricOptics_RefractionPhenomena.xml) whereas EK shows a fish being horizontally distorted (kind of like the pencil in this example:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/u14l1b.cfm)

SO, are both cases possible, and if yes, do both occur simultaneously or are do certain conditions favor one over the other?

THANKS!

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[km1865]

Bump. Anyone?

 

[mitchlucker]

Yes they occur simultaneously.

It will be horizontally distorted and vertically.

The object will be deeper than you predict and displaced horizontally.

I don't know what you mean about conditions...they're the same conditions. Unless you look at water from the top in which you distort horizontally and vertically, or from the side like in an aquarium, where the only real distortion would be horizontally, and maybe vertically...as the object would appear closer to you than it really is.

I'm not really great with optics myself