I've been teaching at the college level for about four years now. Observations:
3) Arguing points back on a test is acceptable. In many cases, I get an answer that is conceptually correct but factually off-base. I have an answer I'm looking for but that you, the student, didn't give me. I need your argument to prove you know the material and have taken a different approach rather than blindly guessing based on a razor-thin understanding of the material. It all depends on how you do it. If you write a well-reasoned, occasionally cited, rebuttal to a point, I'll be much more likely to address it than if you come and whine about the unfair test.
Absolutely. I think it's all in how it's done. That said, the OP really seems to be describing a less-well-thought-out and more whiny approach. If a student has a legitimate problem, that's one thing, but most of the OP's complaints were mere matters of style. That's like walking into Subway and complaining that they will only accept credit card or cash and not the check you just spent 2 minutes filling out because you didn't read the sign first (or ask). It's petty and stupid. Get over it.
4) As the professor, I get to say what is and is not acceptable test material. I tell students that if I talk about it, it's fair game. It's more appropriate to test topics we spend more time on, but that's not always how it goes. If I think I should test concepts instead of specifics, too bad; you should figure out the concepts as you do the techniques. In medicine, you're not going to be allowed to just forget things that are rare; school should prep you for that.
Generally, my experience has been that concepts are the best things to test on. Details change from experiment to experiment, while concepts often remain fairly consistent. Sure, students may sometimes hate it, but frankly they need to get over it and learn the material. That's what I did when I had ochem lab hit me with crazy questions that had little to do w/ lab. You do what you have to to perform at the required level.
5) As for "not getting away with ****" or "f*cking over students", I invite you to try and teach an introductory or intermediate science class. The level of stupidity exhibited by the average student is astounding. I give a question that spans two pages. I verbally warn students to fill out both parts. I have a bolded reminder at the bottom of page one. 1/3 of the students forgot to do page 2. I administer a test question in three different ways during class and homework. People still lose points.
We're not f*cking over students when we hand out bad grades or have a low crap tolerance. We are correctly responding to an atmosphere of failure and persistently low achievement. It's very hard to stay positive and helpful when you're bombarded by completely unwarranted entitlement. When you're punished by your department for being strict on cheating or teaching difficult content, what do you think results?