As has been said, a "typical day" will vary by rotation and by institution. For instance, our pediatric rotation is 4 weeks of inpatient pediatrics and the day starts at 6am. Other places may have more outpatient peds in their peds rotation or their day may be structured differently.
All of our rotations had some form of dedicated didactics for us. Some were formal lectures at the medical school, some were small groups where we just went over cases, some were simulation sessions at our sim center. But that stuff is in no way the bulk of your learning, you have to be proactive and always be reading. First priority is reading about your patients, knowing about their diagnoses and management, which should in turn help you for your shelf exam. Also UWorld questions.
For a general inpatient day, you get in around 6 or 7am and pre-round on your patients. Check their morning labs, read any consult notes that were written since you left, talk to the nurse to find out if anything happened overnight, and go see and examine the patients. Then rounds with the attending, going to each patient room and presenting the patient to the team including the plan for the day. Rounds typically take all morning but again depends on where you are and the census. Then lunch, maybe some kind of conference/lecture (we always went to whatever lectures were given for the residents). Then the afternoon was for calling consults, admitting new patients, maybe some teaching, etc until signing out to the night team around 6 or 7pm. We had 1 afternoon of teaching each week with a dedicated teaching attending, we would just go through a case someone had and then pick out learning points.
Outpatient is just outpatient. Almost always the attending would have us go in first and do the visit then present to them, unless they were super busy or backed up and then we would see the patients together. Good hours.
Surgery - usually have to get in really early because OR cases start early and the residents round on the patients before cases start. I had to be in around 4:30am to help update the patient list and then go see post-op patients. Then I went to the OR all day. Depending on the case and how many residents were there, I either scrubbed in and assisted or grabbed a stool and observed. Hours depend on what service you're on.