GENETICS
A. Mendelian Concepts
1. Phenotype and genotype (definitions, probability calculations, pedigree analysis)
2. Gene
3. Locus
4. Allele (single, multiple)
5. Homozygosity and heterozygosity
6. Wild type
7. Recessiveness
8. Complete dominance
9. Codominance
10. Incomplete dominance, leakage, penetrance, expressivity
11. Gene pool
B. Meiosis and Genetic Variability
1. Significance of meiosis
2. Important differences between meiosis and mitosis
3. Segregation of genes
a. independent assortment
b. linkage
c. recombination
d. single crossovers
e. double crossovers
4. Sex-linked characteristics
a. very few genes on Y chromosome
b. sex determination
c. cytoplasmic inheritance, mitochondrial inheritance
5. Mutation
a. general concept of mutation
b. types of mutations (random, translation error, transcription error, base substitution, insertion, deletion, frameshift)
c. chromosomal rearrangements (inversion, translocation)
d. advantageous versus deleterious mutation
e. inborn errors of metabolism
f. relationship of mutagens to carcinogens
C. Analytic Methods
1. Hardy–Weinberg principle
2. Testcross (backcross; concepts of parental, F1, and F2 generations)