I think the article points out a lot of the main issues, but I feel like one of the most important things (that hasn't been mentioned yet) that is always forgotten is if the environment you're entering feels habitable as a URM. If students see a field as hostile and don't feel like they can be happy and succeed in a field, the majority won't enter it. I also like the emphasis on equity because I feel like most people miss out on how we get from equity to equality. I also recently came across this opinion article which I feel like hits on this idea to a degree, not that I necessarily agree with everything in it. Edit: the article went in strangely so for those interested the title is Why aren’t there more Black Doctors? Racism, Classism, or Apathy?
My background is as a black female growing up in the very white suburbs. Graduated top of my class in high school with the highest ACT score (99th percentile) which was fairly well known and became something of a talking point of the class, and still people would ask if the only reason I was getting admissions and scholarships was due to my race. In college I've had issues with stereotypes and preconceptions (among others), and I think this is the problem where persistence within the major/career goal begins. I do work in this topic on campus and the general consensus is students have issues accessing supportive professors (whereas the same profs have been more receptive to non-URM students), work/school balance, and being first-gen is dramatically more common as a URM so you're going in completely blind. Disproportionate lower income also creates a barrier at MCAT and throughout school if you're working and trying to keep your grades up. I know personally on campus I've missed out on a LOR opportunity and potentially a research opportunity (can't tie the research to anything else because I know the other person taken) simply do to race and this is two different instructors. On the academic side of things, I have a strong GPA that puts me in at least the top 7% of my class year. Good EC's and lots of research. And yet, I know next year once I apply others will think the only reason (or main reason) I can get in is being a URM and likely that preconception will later affect how I am treated. And that gets tiring, because at the end of the day I'm reduced to my race once again. I can't be a great applicant and be a URM, I'm only a great applicant because I'm a URM. You could say AA promotes this and blame it, but it's looking completely at the wrong end of the stick. And I think this attitude has been repeatedly represented even in this thread.
I also can't blame minority patients for wanting a doctor that looks like them. I feel like most minorities understand differences of power structures, and when your health and life potentially is on the line, it's one less barrier to overcome. My mom had this issue before, she went to a non-black doctor who diagnosed her with something that is typical for black people. She looked it up, didn't feel like it was the correct diagnosis, treated as recommended by the doctor and it didn't work. Went to another doctor who happened to be black which she didn't plan, re-diagnosed with a totally different issue, treated it, and fixed it. I don't pick my doctors by race and I can't say I know any minority that does, unless there's been a previous issue.
I think to change it and move towards a positive direction involves a lot of public education and working on the pipeline and creating a welcoming environment for URM students and career persons.I feel like most people think Brown v. Board was the end of it and now everyone has an equal footing in education which I think plays into people not understanding AA and stereotypes surrounding race and education which produces a less habitable field to enter as a URM. Increasing funding for more urban schools especially in low income and/or URM focused areas with actual counseling to encourage students to enter 4 year universities vs. vocational schools. Making college more affordable. There's enough case study papers to understand that these approaches work. Also, what I really wish I could find is an article on URM students not in the US to see how the disparity changes. I recently did a research presentation related to this topic and most of the articles from the 70s and 80s echo the sentiment of today with how URM students feel disenfranchised in STEM fields and drop out of the pipeline especially for medicine. So in almost 50 years, nothing has changed. I feel like it will take something revolutionary to really produce results.