Air France 447

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pgg

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This is an interesting and kind of disturbing article about the Air France crash a couple years ago.

It's the transcript from the cockpit, with commentary about what was happening them and what the pilots might have been thinking and should have been doing.

http://www.popularmechanics.com/tec...really-happened-aboard-air-france-447-6611877


Summary: perfectly good airplane, flown into the ocean with 228 people, because of a persistent pilot error and tunnel vision.

Aviation/anesthesia analogies are old news, but I think it's an interesting case study of how a complex system with trusted technology and highly trained people failed.
 
That just gave me the creeps.

This underlines the reason why we should have strict protocols to follow in certain situations.

...in the AIR and in the OR.

Thx for posting pgg.
 
understand completely. OR paralells scream out. I have seen a solid resident increase the Nipride to ridiculous levels for what the Aline was telling him, not noticing that the Aline transducer fell to the floor, necessitating CPR and reopening of the chest. I can't even count the number of times that patient was dwindling and the CRNA disregarding that a previously well functioning monitor was telling them because they chose not to believe the numbers.
 
Yes this was a very sad crash and i'm glad they were able to retrieve the cockpit voice recorders. Good god i admire airline pilots - we have only one life in our hands at any one time - they have many, including their own!
 
Eerily similar to that Michael Crichton book Airframe. Almost life imitating art (with some minor differences).

Anyway, crazy story. I've played maybe a couple hundred hours of flying games when I was a kid, and even my first instinct is to put the nose down in a stall. Wonder what was going through his mind...
 
Airline operations are more limited by vertical separation, so stall response is to increase power and (usually) works out ok. In this case he seemed to get stuck in that mode of thinking and obviously did not recover.
 
The transcript makes the junior pilot sound REALLY green. It's like a resident asking an attending why the blood pressure went down after a shot of propofol.

WTF? I thought you had to have a lot of hours before they let you fly the big birds.
 
The transcript makes the junior pilot sound REALLY green. It's like a resident asking an attending why the blood pressure went down after a shot of propofol.

WTF? I thought you had to have a lot of hours before they let you fly the big birds.

Agree, but if your tons of experience never involved dilemma or real fear, it's hard to predict how someone will react. But yes, even with my very limited experience, I keep reading that story thinking-- "Just drop the nose, man- it will all be OK"
 
Agree, but if your tons of experience never involved dilemma or real fear, it's hard to predict how someone will react. But yes, even with my very limited experience, I keep reading that story thinking-- "Just drop the nose, man- it will all be OK"

It's not like we're talking about some wild-ass rare event here. You have a plane that's out of control after you've been pulling back hard on the stick while an audible warning tells you exactly what the problem is, and two pilots (for the most part) basically went deer in the headlights. I accept that real fear can change how you react, but these guys are supposed to be experts at flying planes- even the most junior guy should be an expert at basic flying skills. Every pilot knows the catastrophic consequences of a stall, so you'd think this would be as ingrained as "BP drops, unleash the fluids" would be to an anesthesiologist. Or "see traffic slow ahead, take foot off accelerator" to a driver. When they were all confused whether the plane was going up or down did anyone think to look at what the altimeter was doing for an answer? This event is a huge embarrassment to Air France and pilots in general. Airbus deserves a beating for designing a system that averages inputs from the control sticks.. JesusH.
 
i agree the junior sounds very green.
it's easy to think he's the problem.

to me this is a the problem, and can be easily fixed.

"They are failing, essentially, to cooperate. It is not clear to either one of them who is responsible for what, and who is doing what. This is a natural result of having two co-pilots flying the plane. "When you have a captain and a first officer in the cockpit, it's clear who's in charge," Nutter explains. "The captain has command authority. He's legally responsible for the safety of the flight. When you put two first officers up front, it changes things. You don't have the sort of traditional discipline imposed on the flight deck when you have a captain."

REALLY need to formalise that the pilot with more hours is in charge, and the other is there to do only as directed.
 
It's not like we're talking about some wild-ass rare event here. You have a plane that's out of control after you've been pulling back hard on the stick while an audible warning tells you exactly what the problem is, and two pilots (for the most part) basically went deer in the headlights. I accept that real fear can change how you react, but these guys are supposed to be experts at flying planes- even the most junior guy should be an expert at basic flying skills. Every pilot knows the catastrophic consequences of a stall, so you'd think this would be as ingrained as "BP drops, unleash the fluids" would be to an anesthesiologist. Or "see traffic slow ahead, take foot off accelerator" to a driver. When they were all confused whether the plane was going up or down did anyone think to look at what the altimeter was doing for an answer? This event is a huge embarrassment to Air France and pilots in general. Airbus deserves a beating for designing a system that averages inputs from the control sticks.. JesusH.

I don't really agree that this wasn't a wild-ass rare event -

The pilots were operating under the assumption that it was impossible to stall the aircraft via manual flight controls. The controls aren't physically connected to the control surfaces, and inputs to the controls are moderated by the computer. As aircraft get more complex, flight computers do more of the work and pilot inputs get more and more general and abstract. On the extreme end, some military aircraft can't fly at all without the computer doing its work. When learning to fly by instruments, pilots are specifically trained to trust the instruments and disregard their senses (one area where the aviation/anesthesia parallels really diverge, as we always can fall back on 'look at the patient').

The article said that not one of the Airbus 330s operated by US Airways has ever been in the "alternate law" that would permit pilot input to create a stall. I can understand how the pilot could get locked into one intervention, believing that his action couldn't possibly be causing the problem because his most basic assumption (I can't stall this plane with manual input) was wrong.

Should he have known the plane was in alternate law and understood the implications and figured it out? Of course. All the pilots who ran the simulator following the accident did, but dealing with a vaguely expected crisis in simulation isn't the same thing.

I think the core of the error was tunnel vision and faulty assumptions about what 'should' be happening and what was possible, and there's absolutely room for similar types of human error to occur in our field.

If Airbus deserves a beating, I'm more inclined to question why the plane's software didn't automatically revert to "normal law" as soon as the pitot static system de-iced and resumed normal function, presumably as they were plummetting through 10 or 20,000 feet and had time to recover. Also hard to understand why left-seat control inputs didn't have some kind of tactile feedback to the right-seat controls.



I once made a medication swap error that is totally, completely unexplainable and inexcusable in retrospect. Ridiculous. The patient was slow to emerge, I thought I'd given too much narcotic, and reached for the naloxone vial. Instead I picked up flumazenil. I remember clearly thinking, 'huh, they must've changed suppliers' because the vial size, shape, color was different. I looked at the label. I drew up the flumazenil, diluted it to 10 mL, and over about 10 minutes gave 1 cc at a time, trying to gradually reverse the morphine or dilaudid or whatever it was I'd given the patient too much of. I labeled the syringe Narcan. I gave 1/2 the syringe, puzzled that the patient was still asleep. I still don't really know how I screwed that up ... I just saw what I expected to see when I picked up the vial and looked at the label. I think I was a CA2 at the time (not that anyone should ever make this mistake, ever). I try to remember that error when I'm doing my routine scans and dealing with unexpected events.
 
I don't really agree that this wasn't a wild-ass rare event -

What I meant was that it was far from an inconceivable event. Sure, this basically NEVER HAPPENS outside the sims, but it's still a problem that I'm sure every pilot respects and fears. I've never seen a case of MH, but an ETCO2 that drifts upward unexpectedly always made me wonder and consider the rest of the picture.

On the extreme end, some military aircraft can't fly at all without the computer doing its work.

Now THAT is scary. Better hope the eject handles still work if the computers crash.

When learning to fly by instruments, pilots are specifically trained to trust the instruments and disregard their senses (one area where the aviation/anesthesia parallels really diverge, as we always can fall back on 'look at the patient').

I've read about the illusions common to aviation, and I understand the need to trust instruments instead of your own senses, however difficult that may be. I didn't get the sense that these pilots were trusting their instruments, rather they weren't paying attention to them at all. Most confusing of all is how the more senior pilot didn't listen to the stall warning and tell the junior to get his hand off the stick before he breaks it off. I better park it in the hangar before I begin making derogatory comments about the size and composition of French undercarriage.

I think the core of the error was tunnel vision and faulty assumptions about what 'should' be happening and what was possible, and there's absolutely room for similar types of human error to occur in our field.

Some tunnel vision for sure, but MORE incompetence.

Would captain Sully have made the same mistake? I doubt it.

If Airbus deserves a beating, I'm more inclined to question why the plane's software didn't automatically revert to "normal law" as soon as the pitot static system de-iced and resumed normal function, presumably as they were plummetting through 10 or 20,000 feet and had time to recover. Also hard to understand why left-seat control inputs didn't have some kind of tactile feedback to the right-seat controls.

All good points.

I once made a medication swap error that is totally, completely unexplainable and inexcusable in retrospect. Ridiculous. The patient was slow to emerge, I thought I'd given too much narcotic, and reached for the naloxone vial. Instead I picked up flumazenil. I remember clearly thinking, 'huh, they must've changed suppliers' because the vial size, shape, color was different. I looked at the label. I drew up the flumazenil, diluted it to 10 mL, and over about 10 minutes gave 1 cc at a time, trying to gradually reverse the morphine or dilaudid or whatever it was I'd given the patient too much of. I labeled the syringe Narcan. I gave 1/2 the syringe, puzzled that the patient was still asleep. I still don't really know how I screwed that up ... I just saw what I expected to see when I picked up the vial and looked at the label. I think I was a CA2 at the time (not that anyone should ever make this mistake, ever). I try to remember that error when I'm doing my routine scans and dealing with unexpected events.

Don't feel too bad about that one. We had TWO incidents in residency where residents gave 4 mg of Norepi instead of 10 mg dexamethasone. The vials look similar except the background is pink vs green. There were no bad outcomes but I believe one patient had ST changes. It's amazing when you fall into traps you'd never expect. Luckily I only experienced this once. I was supervising a resident and asked her to draw up one med (?), but I grabbed the wrong syringe from the cart and it was actually unlabeled glycopyrolate. I slammed it in and watched the HR go to 120. Oops. I titrated in neostigmine until the rate was normal. Thankfully muscle relaxation wasn't critical to the case.
 
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Another thing that struck me as odd was just how little communication there was between the 2 pilots. It seemed more like grunts and sentence fragments than anything else. Granted, the time frame was compressed, but there wasn't a whole lot of "this is what I think is happening, this is what I'm doing about it." As a result, it seemed like neither of the more experienced pilots knew that the junior pilot was trying to climb the whole time. And even then, there was at least one point where the junior pilot claimed to be descending when in reality he was only slowing the rate of ascent. Scary scary stuff.
 
Back in the day when we would mix our own esmolol drips, I was involved in a near miss. I was a resident and my faculty decided to give esmolol and grabbed the vial from the cardiac drug box. I watched as she turned around with a syringe and said she was going to give 50 mg of esmolol to treat the HTN/tachycardia. I looked at the back table and saw a vial I was not used to seeing and looked at the label. It was esmolol 250/ml and it had been popped open and a portion was gone. I turned around as the syringe was hooked to the stopcock and shouted to "WAIT!!!" She stopped and I questioned what she was injecting. We took a closer look and it was 5 ml of esmolol 250mg/ml, or 1250mg. Soon after, that concentration was taken out of our ORs and only kept in the pharmacy. That was probably the biggest near miss I have ever seen.
 
Actually, I think another MAJOR blunder was on the part of the head Pilot who decided to leave the cockpit to take a break at what the most dangerous part of the flight and it appears from the transcript they had CLUES that things might not be smooth...

Although it was not completely obvious what they were in for, I think it should have been clear that perhaps it wasn't the best time to take a break. He noticed that there was some weird electrical phenomenon, bad weather outside, and a minute after he leaves they realize that they are in the "inter-tropical convergence". A very bad moment for him to decide to take a break.

This was an extremely poor decision and (althought I know almost nothing about pilot etiquette) I would think that they pilots would call him back when they realized they hit the ITC which was about 4min before **** really hit the fan...

But for the head pilot to leave when things looked like the MIGHT turn ugly was a bad decision. It's basically like your attending leaving the room when the patients' blood pressure is dropping and the surgeon is working near some major vessels....
 
NTSB crash reports are public record and available online. They're quite interesting to read, but I think you guys will find that the above crash was not really that far out there from many air crashes.

It's actually quite interesting if you have a few hours to kill (I can't read just one), but if you're like me, may lead you to not flying anymore.
 
Back in the day when we would mix our own esmolol drips, I was involved in a near miss. I was a resident and my faculty decided to give esmolol and grabbed the vial from the cardiac drug box. I watched as she turned around with a syringe and said she was going to give 50 mg of esmolol to treat the HTN/tachycardia. I looked at the back table and saw a vial I was not used to seeing and looked at the label. It was esmolol 250/ml and it had been popped open and a portion was gone. I turned around as the syringe was hooked to the stopcock and shouted to "WAIT!!!" She stopped and I questioned what she was injecting. We took a closer look and it was 5 ml of esmolol 250mg/ml, or 1250mg. Soon after, that concentration was taken out of our ORs and only kept in the pharmacy. That was probably the biggest near miss I have ever seen.

Wow - good catch! I've never had that kind of close call but i do need to get more in the habit of looking at the label of every vial i pop open; it's just good practice.
 
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