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Interesting read - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1780238/
A 12-hour preoperative fast was followed by placement of an IV catheter in the right jugular vein. Preoperatively, gentamicin sulfate (Gentamicin 100 mg/mL; The Butler Company, Dublin, Ohio, USA), 6.6 mg/kg body weight (BW), sodium penicillin (Crystapen 40 000 IU/mL; Bioniche pharma, Belleville, Ontario), 20 000 IU/kg BW, and phenylbutazone (Univet 200 mg/mL, Pharmaceuticals, Milton, Ontario), 4.4 mg/kg BW, were administered, IV. The horse was sedated with xylazine HCl (Xylamax 100 mg/mL; Bimeda MTC Animal Health, Cambridge, Ontario), 0.3 mg/kg BW, IV, and butorphanol tartrate (Torbugesic 10 mg/mL; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Iowa, USA), 0.07 mg/kg BW, IV. Profound sedation was evident after 5 min. General anesthesia was induced with ketamine HCl (Vetalar 115.4 mg/mL; Veterpharm Canada, London, Ontario), 2 mg/kg BW, IV, and diazepam (Diazepam 5 mg/mL; SABEX, Boucherville, Quebec), 0.3 mg/kg BW, IV. Blind oral intubation in left lateral recumbency was attempted with a 12-mm ID cuffed endotracheal tube. Several attempts to intubate were unsuccessful. Several smaller tubes were utilized in an attempt to secure the airway either orally or nasally. Both nasal openings were so small that insertion of the primary authors 5th digit, in an attempt to intubate nasally, was impossible. The diameter of the nasal passage was estimated to be 6-mm. Two boluses of ketamine HCl (20 mg each) were administered, IV. Visual intubation, with the horse in sternal recumbency, using a large blade laryngoscope, polypropylene rigid stylet, and 8-mm ID endotracheal tube was attempted. Another 20 mg bolus of ketamine HCl was administered, IV, and the mouth held open. Abduction of the mandible by using both manual retraction and a small 5-cm polypropylene mouth gag was limited. On visual examination of the oral cavity, the tongue appeared to be fleshy and larger than normal, relative to the size of the oral cavity. In addition, the soft palate appeared to be excessively large in proportion to the oral cavity, partially obstructing visualization of epiglottis and the arytenoid cartilages. After repeated intubation attempts, the horse became cyanotic, so intubation was delayed and 100% oxygen was administered via a facemask.
A video endoscope was passed, PO, with the horse in sternal recumbency, after preoxygenating for 10 min and administering an additional 20 mg of ketamine HCl, IV. The epiglottis was large, markedly thickened, and partially obscured by the soft palate. Both arytenoid cartilages were markedly thickened, but they abducted equally on inspiration and surrounded a very small glottis (Figure 2). A rigid styl
et was advanced between the arytenoid cartilages as a guide and a 7.5-mm ID endotracheal tube (34 cm, length) was advanced over the stylet into the trachea. The endotracheal tube fit snugly and had to be carefully manipulated through the larynx. The area corresponding anatomically to the cricoid cartilage impeded the passage of the endotracheal tube. The rostral part of the larynx appeared to be funnel shaped, with the narrowest portion caudal to the vocal folds and within the cricoid ring. Caudal to the cricoid ring, the tracheal diameter was somewhat larger than that of the larynx. Once in place, the endotracheal tube cuff required 6 mL of air to form a secure seal with the trachea."
And here an intubated bat:
http://www.anaes.med.usyd.edu.au/images/ACVA/Egyptian-fruit-bat.jpg
A 12-hour preoperative fast was followed by placement of an IV catheter in the right jugular vein. Preoperatively, gentamicin sulfate (Gentamicin 100 mg/mL; The Butler Company, Dublin, Ohio, USA), 6.6 mg/kg body weight (BW), sodium penicillin (Crystapen 40 000 IU/mL; Bioniche pharma, Belleville, Ontario), 20 000 IU/kg BW, and phenylbutazone (Univet 200 mg/mL, Pharmaceuticals, Milton, Ontario), 4.4 mg/kg BW, were administered, IV. The horse was sedated with xylazine HCl (Xylamax 100 mg/mL; Bimeda MTC Animal Health, Cambridge, Ontario), 0.3 mg/kg BW, IV, and butorphanol tartrate (Torbugesic 10 mg/mL; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Iowa, USA), 0.07 mg/kg BW, IV. Profound sedation was evident after 5 min. General anesthesia was induced with ketamine HCl (Vetalar 115.4 mg/mL; Veterpharm Canada, London, Ontario), 2 mg/kg BW, IV, and diazepam (Diazepam 5 mg/mL; SABEX, Boucherville, Quebec), 0.3 mg/kg BW, IV. Blind oral intubation in left lateral recumbency was attempted with a 12-mm ID cuffed endotracheal tube. Several attempts to intubate were unsuccessful. Several smaller tubes were utilized in an attempt to secure the airway either orally or nasally. Both nasal openings were so small that insertion of the primary authors 5th digit, in an attempt to intubate nasally, was impossible. The diameter of the nasal passage was estimated to be 6-mm. Two boluses of ketamine HCl (20 mg each) were administered, IV. Visual intubation, with the horse in sternal recumbency, using a large blade laryngoscope, polypropylene rigid stylet, and 8-mm ID endotracheal tube was attempted. Another 20 mg bolus of ketamine HCl was administered, IV, and the mouth held open. Abduction of the mandible by using both manual retraction and a small 5-cm polypropylene mouth gag was limited. On visual examination of the oral cavity, the tongue appeared to be fleshy and larger than normal, relative to the size of the oral cavity. In addition, the soft palate appeared to be excessively large in proportion to the oral cavity, partially obstructing visualization of epiglottis and the arytenoid cartilages. After repeated intubation attempts, the horse became cyanotic, so intubation was delayed and 100% oxygen was administered via a facemask.
A video endoscope was passed, PO, with the horse in sternal recumbency, after preoxygenating for 10 min and administering an additional 20 mg of ketamine HCl, IV. The epiglottis was large, markedly thickened, and partially obscured by the soft palate. Both arytenoid cartilages were markedly thickened, but they abducted equally on inspiration and surrounded a very small glottis (Figure 2). A rigid styl
et was advanced between the arytenoid cartilages as a guide and a 7.5-mm ID endotracheal tube (34 cm, length) was advanced over the stylet into the trachea. The endotracheal tube fit snugly and had to be carefully manipulated through the larynx. The area corresponding anatomically to the cricoid cartilage impeded the passage of the endotracheal tube. The rostral part of the larynx appeared to be funnel shaped, with the narrowest portion caudal to the vocal folds and within the cricoid ring. Caudal to the cricoid ring, the tracheal diameter was somewhat larger than that of the larynx. Once in place, the endotracheal tube cuff required 6 mL of air to form a secure seal with the trachea."And here an intubated bat:
http://www.anaes.med.usyd.edu.au/images/ACVA/Egyptian-fruit-bat.jpg
