Bio question

[BodybldgDoc]

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Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Also what is the net amount of ATP at the end of glycolysis? Is it 2ATP? do we count the ATP production separately at the substrate level and the oxidative level or do we combine them?

 

[skyisblue]

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Also what is the net amount of ATP at the end of glycolysis? Is it 2ATP? do we count the ATP production separately at the substrate level and the oxidative level or do we combine them?

Hi body, to answer one of your questions. it's a net 2 atp for glycolysis.

 

[Lonely Sol]

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Also what is the net amount of ATP at the end of glycolysis? Is it 2ATP? do we count the ATP production separately at the substrate level and the oxidative level or do we combine them?

-TCA takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
-The total ATP produce via substrate level phosphorylation = 4, but since 2 were used in steps 1 and 3, there are only 2 NET ATP produced. Also, it is crucial to remember that kreb cycle also produces 2 ATP via substrate level phosphorylation.
-Total there are 4 ATP produced via SLP, through the whole cycle (2-glycolysis and 2-kreb) but since it only ask until the end of glycolysis, then only 2.

 

[Lonely Sol]

Maybe some one can answer my questions about:

2. Are there valves between atrium and superior/inferior vena-cave? If so, what are they called?

3. Do we need to know the sub-phylum like hemi-cordata, urochordata, etc?

4. Where are antibodies stored at?
--Is it spleen

 

[BodybldgDoc]

-TCA takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
-The total ATP produce via substrate level phosphorylation = 4, but since 2 were used in steps 1 and 3, there are only 2 NET ATP produced. Also, it is crucial to remember that kreb cycle also produces 2 ATP via substrate level phosphorylation.
-Total there are 4 ATP produced via SLP, through the whole cycle but since it only ask until the end of glycolysis, then only 2.

what about the NAD+ --> NADH breakdown in converting 2PGAL to 1,3DPG which results in 4ATP oxidatively? Do we not include them in the total net ATP production?

 

[Lonely Sol]

what about the NAD+ --> NADH breakdown in converting 2PGAL to 1,3DPG which results in 4ATP oxidatively? Do we not include them in the total net ATP production?

Yes, you are right, you include them if you want overall ATP produced in the whole cycle but if they ask you just in glycolysis then no, it is NADH, not ATP.

The NADH is converted to ATP not by SLP, but via H+ gradient. They remain NADH until they give up their high energy electrons to complex I of the ETC (unless it follows anaerobic pathway).

But overall, just remember 4 ATP produced via SLP throughout
--2 ATP produced via SLP in glycolysis
--36 overal in animals/38 in plants
*Hope it helps!

 

[BodybldgDoc]

Maybe some one can answer my questions about:

2. Are there valves between atrium and superior/inferior vena-cave? If so, what are they called?

3. Do we need to know the sub-phylum like hemi-cordata, urochordata, etc?

4. Where are antibodies stored at?
--Is it spleen

I havent gotten to reading Physiology yet so i cant answer #2.
#3 dont worry about sub phylums. theres going to be only 3 questions out of the 40 on the real thing about plant and animal classification and i dont think they will waste it by asking you sub phylum type questions.
#4 Antibodies come from B cells and B lymphocytes originate from primary stem cells in the bone marrow where they also end up maturing . Upon activation by antigens in the body they are activated and released in the form of plasma cells.plasma cells become active and produce an antibody that matches the captured antigen. I dont think they are effectively stored in any one place in your body. But its original source of development would be from B cells in the bone marrow. hope this helps.

 

[BodybldgDoc]

Yes, you are right, you include them if you want overall ATP produced in the whole cycle but if they ask you just in glycolysis then no, it is NADH, not ATP.

The NADH is converted to ATP not by SLP, but via H+ gradient. They remain NADH until they give up their high energy electrons to complex I of the ETC (unless it follows anaerobic pathway).

But overall, just remember 4 ATP produced via SLP throughout
--2 ATP produced via SLP in glycolysis
--36 overal in animals/38 in plants
*Hope it helps!

kewl thanks sol

 

[Lonely Sol]

I havent gotten to reading Physiology yet so i cant answer #2.
#3 dont worry about sub phylums. theres going to be only 3 questions out of the 40 on the real thing about plant and animal classification and i dont think they will waste it by asking you sub phylum type questions.
#4 Antibodies come from B cells and B lymphocytes originate from primary stem cells in the bone marrow where they also end up maturing . Upon activation by antigens in the body they are activated and released in the form of plasma cells.plasma cells become active and produce an antibody that matches the captured antigen.

Thanks! Have you read anywhere or anything about where antibodies (for example, gamma globins) are stored at though, cuz I remember reading it somewhere but i have like 10 bio books so finding that would be pain!! I think it was spleen or liver, cant remember

 

[BodybldgDoc]

Thanks! Have you read anywhere or anything about where antibodies (for example, gamma globins) are stored at though, cuz I remember reading it somewhere but i have like 10 bio books so finding that would be pain!! I think it was spleen or liver, cant remember

I havent read from any of the books I have so far that explicitly states where they are stored. They seem to talk about the form of development from B cells--> plasma/memory cells--> antibodies. If I come across it though I'll let you know because as of yet I am not done with Immunology.

 

[Lonely Sol]

I havent read from any of the books I have so far that explicitly states where they are stored. They seem to talk about the form of development from B cells--> plasma/memory cells--> antibodies. If I come across it though I'll let you know because as of yet I am not done with Immunology.

IIght, Thanks man!

 

[busupshot83]

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Also what is the net amount of ATP at the end of glycolysis? Is it 2ATP? do we count the ATP production separately at the substrate level and the oxidative level or do we combine them?

glycolysis ends with two pyruvates. the following occurs for each separate pyruvate product:

aka the Krebs cycle, this process begins with 2-C acetyl CoA, from the first step of cellular respiration, combining with 4-C oxaloacetate to make 6-C citrate. Through a series of reactions, two CO2s are released, and oxaloacetate is regenerated to begin the cycle once again. For every complete cycle, the Krebs cycle produces one ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation via a GTP intermediate (GDP picks up a phosphate, becoming GTP, which passes the phospate to ADP to become ATP). Side products include three NADH, and one FADH2, created by reducing NAD+ and FAD with electrons. Don't forget that there are two pyruvates per glucose molecule entering the Krebs cycle.

1 acetyl CoA + 1 GDP + 3 NAD+ + 1 FAD --> 1 CoA + 1 ATP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 (per pyruvate)

2 acetyl CoA + 2 GDP + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD --> 2 CoA + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 (per glucose molecule)

 

[BodybldgDoc]

LIVER FUNCTIONS

The functions that the liver performs are:
The creation of bile for the digestion and absorption of fats
The creation of the immunoglobulin proteins called Gamma Globulin
Performs the metabolization of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Creates prothrombin, fibrinogen, heparin, albumin, and globulins
Removes chemicals and bacteria from the blood
Maintains electrolyte and water homeostasis
Decomposes and eliminates hormones
Stores vitamins, minerals, and sugars