cell bio, biochemistry, and verterbrate development

[211183]

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Sorry to anyone who posts while I do this but im going to edit it to make more sense. realized my Questions don't really have a direct answer.

In terms of biochemistry... I haven't taken the class so don't know what to look at. Any key points.

The cell bio question was bad-- impossible to sum up, I know. I think I got that covered.

Vertebrate development-- think I got it covered.

In terms of genetics...
what is there to know about cloning and genetic engineering?
these sound more like application questions? I haven't come across any information like that in my reading in ap cliffs or kaplan... can someone shed some light on either A. where to read about this for DAT purposes or B. how common genetics knowledge can help in answering questions about the two topics....

The most I could come up with is knowing the diff methods of inserting genes into bacteria for research purposes. Transformation, Conjugation and Recombination. Episomes. Other than that, I am lost.

 

[doc3232]

You want cell bio to be summed up?
Everything that has to do with cells...Hard to sum up.

 

[Albuterol]

cell biology would probably cover organelles, differences between prok/euk cells...between fungi, bacterial cells (gram+/-), mammalian cells.

biochemical- glycolysis, krebs, ETC, end products of each pathway and intermediates associated with each. Photosynthesis and association of how many CO2 /atp/nadph needed to make glucose. I'd also throw in C3 / C4/ CAM plant cells. just read up on the section in AP Cliffs bio

vert dev.- im not really too sure about this bc this is one of my weaker areas so im going to use schaums/cliffs and achilles notes.

good luck!

 

[211183]

You want cell bio to be summed up?
Everything that has to do with cells...Hard to sum up.

haah sorry doc. Read my edit. I read over my post and went... wow what would I say if someoen else posted that!🙄

 

[211183]

thanks albuterol =) i just wasn't entirely sure exactly what biochem was since I haven't taken it.

sorry bump. still wondering about genetics.

 

[klpennin]

I had a really detailed genetics question on my test...and it was one of those wtf moments... My advice is that you cannot prepare for every single question and there is always gonna be one or two questions, that you just have to make an educated guess at...

 

[211183]

Anyone mind explaining the MAIN diff of c3 c4 and CAM and how they relate. Doesn't have to be too long or in depth more than a few sentences. This is semi long, but if you know the answers to my Q a the bottom that / any clarifiacation would help.

My interpretation/ what I'm confused on:

c3= dark reaction. NOT part of photophosphorylation, but follows it? (not sure) no separation from rest of plant where everything occurs and occurs in day so is least efficient.

c4 = more efficient because it removes o2/co2 competition. less h2o loss because of speed.
Q: Are the stomata open in day or night? Or both? My semi-educated guess is... day.

CAM =even more efficient because it allows for photosynthesis while stomata are closed. does not happen in any other form. so the stomata do not have to be open in the day... = no h2o loss.

Overall= both reduce h20 loss, but in 2 different ways. RIGHT? WRONG? Am I missing any main points?

what is formed in CO2 fixation? is that the glucose??
Is it that photosynthesis is combo of c3 or c4 or CAM, with Calvin Benson?
Photophosphorylation is the means of energy for photosynthesis to occur? Photophos is also where we get oxygen from, not photosynthesis, right?

Overall, the photophosphorylation part of photosynthesis MUST have light. Since c3 cannot occur without the light reaction, it must occur in the day. =least efficient.
c4 more efficient, and CAM even more in a different way.
Can c4 and CAM exist together?

It still hasn't clicked completely, I dont kno why its so compicated for me.

 

[211183]

I had a really detailed genetics question on my test...and it was one of those wtf moments... My advice is that you cannot prepare for every single question and there is always gonna be one or two questions, that you just have to make an educated guess at...

Ok thanks. that's what i figured. I just figured it was more application. But incase I ws missing material just wanted to double check. Thanks for the info.

 

[Albuterol]

Ok this is what i have from my AP Cliffs Biology notes on c3/c4/cam plants:

C3 photosynthesis, dark reaction aka Calvin Cycle
-fixes CO2
-GOAL: produce a single molecule of glucose; must repeat the cycle 6x to do this need 6CO2
-not part of photophosphorylation (light cycle) but its products of nadph and atp are needed for c3 photosynthesis to happen. no atp/nadph no calvin cycle

c4 photosynthesis
co2 combines with PEP to form Oxaloacetate (oaa)
OAA converted to malate
malate is shuttled through plasmodesmata (Thin cytoplasm channels) into the bundle sheath cells.
malate is converted to co2 and enters the calvin cycle.

-more efficient than c3 bc less o2 reaches the cell and therefore there is less side products of photorespiration (which is the main problem with c3 photosynthesis)
-stomata are leaf pores controlled by guard cells when open co2 enters and h2o leaves.
-found in hot, dry climates
SUMMARY: C4 minimizes photorespiration and reduces water loss because of high rate of photosynthesis doesnt require the stomato to be open for long.

CAM Photosyntehsis:
CO--->OAA--->malic acid
malic acid is stored in the vacuole of the cell
At night, stomata are open and malic acid accumulates in the vacuole
during the day, stomata are closed and malic acid is converted to OAA--CO2---C3 photosynthesis

-CAM plants are good in hot, dry environments with cool nights (Deserts)

i hope this helps!

 

[211183]

thanks! that clarified a lot of my confusion.

one last Q:
in c4 plants, is the opening and closing of stomata the same (except length of time). In other words, open in day, close at night?

 

[Albuterol]

Yup C4 plants have stomatas open during the day and closed at night.
This is the opposite of CAM plants which have them closed during the day and open at night.

 

[doc3232]

haah sorry doc. Read my edit. I read over my post and went... wow what would I say if someoen else posted that!🙄

hahaha, I do that every time...