I agree that there has to be some aspect of both.
But there have been a number of studies showing the amount of time residents spend on various tasks. The two that stand out to me are one presented at APDS last week showing that residents spend less than 10% of their total work hours actually operating, and the study from internal med showing the amount of time spent in direct patient contact (can't remember the number, but absurdly low).
I think the balance is still tipped far on the service side at most residencies.