I agree with
@SouthernSurgeon that resident QOL should be a consideration.
I also agree that you need to consider resident safety.
However, the literature is also mixed on these issues. The biggest systematic reviews suggest no improvement or only slightly improvement in resident well-being with duty hour restrictions. This combined with no improvement in patient safety and a definite decrement in resident education makes the value of further restricting work hours questionable.
I agree that the old-old way (120+ hours) was excessive. 80 hours (88 with the 10% extension) seemed to work pretty well. I am not at all convinced that further limitations on interns has made any real improvement on any of the important measures (patient safety, resident well-being/safety, resident education).
As far as attending working long hours - we do. My hospital has 24 hour inpatient attending coverage for the ED, ICU, and hospitalist services. Granted, there are also residents, but the attending are here as well.
As a surgical attending, I work 60-ish hours per week in the hospital in addition to being on call from home every 3rd night and weekend. My life is much better now than when I was a resident, but the reason I can manage patients now is because of my experience as a resident. Being on call, managing sick patients, seeing ED consults, operating at all hours on all kinds of cases prepared me for a successful career. I trained post-80 hour, pre-16 hour restriction. Had my hours been further limited, I would have needed more years of training, or would have been ill-prepared for my current job.
Also, for those who are suggesting that we just hire more interns, who is going to pay for them? GME funding has been capped for years. Also, once you hire more interns, you need to give them advanced spots otherwise you really are just exploiting them for cheap labor. Hiring more mid-levels is one option, and does solve some of the issues regarding patient coverage, but physicians are better for a lot of things and having a mid-level taking shifts mean residents are not getting that educational experience.
I get that not everything a resident does is truly educational. However, it is all part of learning to be a doctor. Even the mundane stuff like paperwork is part of it. Also, you never really know when the most educational experiences are going to happen. Many of my most memorable / educational patient care experiences happened after hours when on-call as a resident / fellow.
One additional complaint that I and many surgical colleagues have regarding the work-hour restrictions is the one-size-fits all approach that the ACGME has taken. Different specialties have different training needs and squeezing all specialties into the same work-hour requirements is not appropriate, in my opinion. Surgical trainees need more time in the hospital since the only way to learn surgery is to do surgery. Perhaps non-procedural specialities need more time out of the hospital to study and read.