If you’re telling the whole story (that’s a big if, because like you said it takes a lot to fire a resident and none of what you reported is close to fireable), you’ve done a disservice to yourself by resigning. Your best bet to salvage your career at this point is to lawyer up and sue them; a different neurosurgery program is not going to take you in. You could definitely get into an unappealing primary care program somewhere if you just want to continue medicine in general, but suing your program is the only way you’re getting back into neurosurgery. And it’s not a sure-fire thing that will succeed.
If by some stroke of fate you get your job back, don’t talk about anything non-medical to a single person. Don’t tell a single joke. Don’t flirt with the damn nurses (seriously poor judgement on your part). Don’t even go have a beer with a colleague after work. Show up, shut up, and work. Then if/when you graduate, get the hell out of there and start your attending career somewhere far away from that place.