The AAMC calling for more training spots is a highly biased opinion. Their goal is to make sure that as US medical schools expand (which they have) that spots expand to match, and honestly they would rather push the carib schools out of business if they could ensure that spots = US grads and that the match were changed so that US grads wouldn't get squeezed.
We clearly aren't going to agree on whether there is a doc shortage or not, nor whether increasing the physician supply would decrease medical costs. We agree that the situation is very complicated and that the number of physicians is one of the variables in the equation. You believe that increasing physicians would alter that equation to decrease costs. I believe that by itself it won't, and I don't see other change coming, so I think it would make the situation worse. But it's unprovable either way, so let's let that part of the discussion end at that.
What I'd like to focus on is this statement:
I believe in an apprenticeship model in which every hospital and/or large physician group, surgery center can also be training grounds and it is profitable to these entities and they have the financial interest to do so and not dependent on government subsidies that tend to have inflationary affects throughout the entire system.
This idea has been floated before, and in fact is somewhat suggested in the ACA legislation. Would it be a good idea to allow community hospitals, or perhaps even just large outpatient practices to train physicians? Much depends upon what you see the purpose of physician training to be. 95% of everything you do in outpatient (and much of inpatient) medicine is pretty routine. In the outpatient realm, HTN, diabetes, health screening, chronic heart disease management, psych issues, and the management of "minor issues" (mild derm conditions, complaints that you'll do nothing about but follow, etc) make up the vast majority of everything you'll see in practice. Training at a community site will absolutely expose you to all of those things, and honestly can probably teach you quite well how to manage them.
The problem is the rare stuff. This last 2 weeks, we admitted a patient with end stage scleroderma, and had another case of unrecognized miliary Tb (missed at a community hospital...) Those types of cases all get concentrated at an academic medical center as that's where the specialists are, and we have the resources to manage these types of patients. We hope that 3 years of IM training exposes residents to both the routine bread-and-butter cases, but also these more rare cases, along with lots of time working with specialists so that they don't have to get a GI consult on everyone with a GI complaint, can recognize those rare syndromes when they occur, and can manage complex patients with multiple medical issues.
But perhaps I'm old fashioned. Perhaps the time has come for outpatient only training, which could be 2 years long rather than 3.