I've thought about this issue for a long time and took a class taught by a very liberal professor (you can guess what sort of research he presented). If someone could address these points respectfully/intelligently I'd be very interested to hear what you have to say:
I am against affirmative action for the following reasons:
1) I do not dispute that minorities have been discriminated against in the past, are still discriminated against, and are thus at a disadvantage in many ways in our society. Likewise I don't dispute that it's appalling how few minorities there are in prominent positions, etc., and think that it's ludicrous to suggest that simply "work ethic" or "genes" or some other simplistic idea is to blame for this. Society is to blame for this, and as society we need to do something to level the playing field, so to speak.
However, I can think of no justification for why minorities who have been disadvantaged in education should have a leg up on non-minorities who have been equally disadvantaged. What possible argument is there against a program that is race-blind, and simply takes into consideration what sort of opportunities the applicant had growing up? Minorities are unfairly concentrated in the most disadvantaged (economically, etc.) part of society, so this sort of program would disproportionately help minorities anyway.
Side note: as time goes on, more and more minorities will be helped by affirmative action and will hopefully be able to be successful in their careers, etc., and thus become economically "advantaged." As the number of minorities in such a position grows, the need for a race-blind affirmative action program will become more and more obvious. As the program currently stands, minorities from wealthy families get the same "help" as those from disadvantaged families. In fact, I would argue that they get even more help, because schools want to keep their numbers as high as possible and the minority from a wealthy background will most likely have better scores than one from a disadvantaged background. With time, if affirmative action is effective, this situation will become more and more common. Either way, I think it's stupid that a wealthy minority kid gets a leg up over an economically disadvantaged white kid.
2) When should affirmative action stop? Taking medical education as an example, it seems that affirmative action is common throughout the process. It helps kids who would otherwise not get into college X get in, does the same for med. school, etc. But at what point should this stop?
The argument for affirmative action is that minorities don't have the same advantages as non-minorities, and had they had the same advantages they'd look just as good on paper, so give them a break. Ok, help kids get into college, but at that point, aren't we all more or less on the same playing field? This is a separate question, and one might argue we're not because a non-minority could be better prepared for the rigors of college than a minority, but a separate question is, does it really matter? Say a minority student is helped into college X and doesn't perform well there. Ok, no big deal. Then they're helped into med. school X, and don't perform well there. Also not a big deal - just keep helping them. But if after all of the help and leveling of playing fields the minority student just can't perform at a given level, what's the point? Do we really want doctors like this? I'm not saying that this is destined to happen for all or even some applicants, but it's still something to think about.
By the way, with the affirmative action program based on general disadvantages that I mentioned earlier, I would also think it to be inappropriate to continue it at a higher level. If a kid from a poor family just simply can not perform well in med school, he shouldn't be a doctor.
3) This is a weaker point, but I think it's still valid: the program is unfair to applicants who would not need the help and who are just as capable as their non-minority peers. I don't think I'm being racist in any way when I say this, but if I were about to have a high-risk operation and I could choose between a white surgeon and a hispanic one and didn't know anything else about them, I'd take the white one. And you would too. Why? Because of the AAMC data posted earlier in this thread about the differences between matriculants. The hispanic doctor could be 10x better than the white one, but there is literally no way to know just how much someone was helped along the way. Maybe the hispanic doctor was a 4.0/45 student - I just simply wouldn't know. I'm not saying that grades make good doctors or anything like that, but you know what I mean.
4) To respond to what
LizzyM said; I don't think that the number of spots "given up" to minorities should be a factor in our decision as a society on the program in general. The small number of spots takes the sting out of it, so to speak, for those who are personally hurt when they think that others who are less qualified are getting in ahead of them in droves. But that's all it does - it doesn't really address the underlying issues.
5) Lastly, I think we can all agree that the ideal world would be entirely race-blind. Nobody would have an advantage over anybody else just because of their skin color, and that would be that. I think that we should be conscious of this goal when designing affirmative action programs and would argue that a race-blind (economically disadvantage)-based affirmative action program does much more to steer us in that direction than does the current program. At the very least, we wouldn't be having discussions like this one.