What is a URM and am I one?

This forum made possible through the generous support of SDN members, donors, and sponsors. Thank you.

Dynam0

Full Member
10+ Year Member
Joined
Mar 16, 2011
Messages
43
Reaction score
26
So, apparently I was talking with a friend who told me about a program for "underrepresented minorities" in medical school. From what I can tell, the designation "URM" only applies to African-Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans (I probably missed one other group).

I am 1st generation Eritrean American, and that is located in Sub-Saharan Africa. So, by all considerations, I should be black even though I look almost nothing like most black Americans. I assume when they say African-American, they mean black Americans who trace their origins to slavery? That means Africans and Afro-Caribbeans would not be classified as URM?

Also, just on the off-chance it applies to me, how much would it help exactly? My cGPA is already quite high (3.8) and just wrapping up my third year now with a double major in physics/computer science and a biology minor along with lots of extracurricular activities including research in medical biophysics and biomedical devices.
 
Eritrea is in the horn, not Sub-saharan.
If you are of arab ancestry, then you are not URM.
If you don't look "black", from what you are sharing here, it doesn't sound like you are URM.
If you are of low socioeconomic status, you may get a little more attention though.
However, it sounds like you've already built an application meritorious enough of acceptance to a US MD school, so I wouldn't worry about it too much.
My gut tells me you're probably not URM.
 
Eritrea is in the horn, not Sub-saharan.
If you are of arab ancestry, then you are not URM.
If you don't look "black", from what you are sharing here, it doesn't sound like you are URM.
If you are of low socioeconomic status, you may get a little more attention though.
However, it sounds like you've already built an application meritorious enough of acceptance to a US MD school, so I wouldn't worry about it too much.
My gut tells me you're probably not URM.

I am not of arab ancestry, or if I am, it's probably 0.000001%. Most black Americans have more non-African blood than I do.
It depends on what you mean by looks "black". Do I have dark skin? Yes. Do I look west-African? No. If the definition of "black" is looking like a west-African person, then yes, I am not black. But, by such an absurd definition, you'd also have to conclude that the Sudanese are also not black.If URM only applies to black Americans, I have no problem with that. But I'm just as "black" as any Nigerian-American, Ghanian-American, or Jamaican-American.

As for getting in, I'm not really looking to get into A MD school, but rather the top MD schools. At such schools, I'm wondering if the URM designation combined with my application would give me an edge?
 
I am not of arab ancestry, or if I am, it's probably 0.000001%. Most black Americans have more non-African blood than I do.
It depends on what you mean by looks "black". Do I have dark skin? Yes. Do I look west-African? No. If the definition of "black" is looking like a west-African person, then yes, I am not black. But, by such an absurd definition, you'd also have to conclude that the Sudanese are also not black.If URM only applies to black Americans, I have no problem with that. But I'm just as "black" as any Nigerian-American, Ghanian-American, or Jamaican-American.

As for getting in, I'm not really looking to get into A MD school, but rather the top MD schools. At such schools, I'm wondering if the URM designation combined with my application would give me an edge?
The descendants of Egyptians, for instance, are mostly not considered African Americans. Same with Moroccans. If you tried to work the African American angle, you'll probably get burned, as they mean people who trace back to African American culture, which is specific to the descendents of slavery (though some West Africans assimilate well into this culture and can pass as African American after a generation with ease).

What's your MCAT score and GPA, btw? I'm curious what makes you so exceptional to believe you have a place in a top MD school.
 
I see alot of white doctors.
I see alot of south asian doctors.
I see alot of asian doctors.
I see few native american doctors.
I see few black doctors.
I see few hispanic doctors.
I see few pacific islanders working as doctors.

To say, "I see few" of these people working as physicians, is the general concept of underrepresented in medicine, URM. There is such a small representation of people who fit these descriptions in medicine as compared with whites, asians, indians, etc. If you say "I'm black" on your medical school application and you are invited to an interview and they see you do not look black - you will probably be interrogated somewhat at your interview about that, and possibly even deemed to have misrepresented yourself on your medical school application, something that gets reported to AMCAS.

As I said previously, it sounds like you have build up a competitive application for MD schools, one that you wouldn't need to try and fabricate a URM status to gain any kind of advantage. Further, in your case, even if you were URM, it wouldn't provide a significant advantage because your application is quite meritorious by the sound of it - noone would be able to say "oh they got accepted because they were URM." No, you will probably have been accepted because of your strong GPA and all the other positive things you have on your application. I will caution you, however, that if you go into the medical school application process set only on getting into a top MD school or expecting to receive interviews at top MD programs, you may be in for a rude awakening. This will be a self-fulfilling prophecy for you if you only submit your AMCAS to top programs, so make sure your list of schools isn't top-heavy.
 
So, apparently I was talking with a friend who told me about a program for "underrepresented minorities" in medical school. From what I can tell, the designation "URM" only applies to African-Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans (I probably missed one other group).

I am 1st generation Eritrean American, and that is located in Sub-Saharan Africa. So, by all considerations, I should be black even though I look almost nothing like most black Americans. I assume when they say African-American, they mean black Americans who trace their origins to slavery? That means Africans and Afro-Caribbeans would not be classified as URM?

Also, just on the off-chance it applies to me, how much would it help exactly? My cGPA is already quite high (3.8) and just wrapping up my third year now with a double major in physics/computer science and a biology minor along with lots of extracurricular activities including research in medical biophysics and biomedical devices.

Eritreans, Somalians, and Ethiopians (East Africans) are all "Africans". You will list Black/African then check African. I have ran into a few East Africans along the interview trail. You're URM.

African-Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Africans are all categorized together as "Black" (URM). Schools don't parse out the Africans or Afro-Caribbeans from the rest, in fact, there tends to be more Africans and Afro-Caribs than African-Americans for a variety of reasons. As long as you aren't North African Arab or South African White, or some other non-African race (Indian, Asian, etc.) you're perfectly justified in saying you're black.

Just chill - you aren't going to check a "URM" box - just put that you're African (because you are) and schools will decide. Being Bantu (or some other West African group) isn't a requirement for being Black.
 
There may be an 'other' category on the AMCAS, I can't remember. To be safe, I would just check that and type in your nationality.

URM does give you a decent leg up. Go to the URM forum and post there. There are a lot of African Americans that have gotten into prestigious schools.
 
The descendants of Egyptians, for instance, are mostly not considered African Americans. Same with Moroccans. If you tried to work the African American angle, you'll probably get burned, as they mean people who trace back to African American culture, which is specific to the descendents of slavery (though some West Africans assimilate well into this culture and can pass as African American after a generation with ease).

I don't think anyone in their right mind considers Egyptians to be black, same with Morrocans. This comparison is silly because I look nothing like those people and am not an arab. My black friends, for example, overwhelmingly consider me to be black.

What's your MCAT score and GPA, btw? I'm curious what makes you so exceptional to believe you have a place in a top MD school.

cGPA is a 3.8. I haven't taken the MCAT as of yet, but I'm quite confident I can at least hit 32+ range. Of course, nothing is a guarantee, so there's that.
 
I don't think anyone in their right mind considers Egyptians to be black, same with Morrocans. This comparison is silly because I look nothing like those people and am not an arab. My black friends, for example, overwhelmingly consider me to be black.



cGPA is a 3.8. I haven't taken the MCAT as of yet, but I'm quite confident I can at least hit 32+ range. Of course, nothing is a guarantee, so there's that.

Mad Jack said descendants of egyptians are NOT considered black.
Bro seriously, if you have to ask and cannot say with confidence that you are black, then you probably aren't black.
 
Just fill out your correct ethnicity in the AMCAS and schools will figure it out, it is not something you should be worrying about.

As for getting into a top MD school, don't give up hope, just make sure your application is strong in all aspects and don't rely on any URM advantage. Your GPA is fine, but you probably want to aim for 35-37+ MCAT in order to get a better chance at top schools.
 
I don't think anyone in their right mind considers Egyptians to be black, same with Morrocans. This comparison is silly because I look nothing like those people and am not an arab. My black friends, for example, overwhelmingly consider me to be black.



cGPA is a 3.8. I haven't taken the MCAT as of yet, but I'm quite confident I can at least hit 32+ range. Of course, nothing is a guarantee, so there's that.
In all my time on SDN, I've seen only a couple people that were gunning for top MD schools that had actually taken them MCAT and scored well. The vast majority are people with a good gpa and ECs that just assume the MCAT is a cakewalk and their place at a top 10 is all but assured by virtue of their awesomeness but have not yet actually taken the test.

When are you scheduled to take the MCAT, and what are your practice scores?
 
Eritreans, Somalians, and Ethiopians (East Africans) are all "Africans". You will list Black/African then check African. I have ran into a few East Africans along the interview trail. You're URM.

African-Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Africans are all categorized together as "Black" (URM). Schools don't parse out the Africans or Afro-Caribbeans from the rest, in fact, there tends to be more Africans and Afro-Caribs than African-Americans for a variety of reasons. As long as you aren't North African Arab or South African White, or some other non-African race (Indian, Asian, etc.) you're perfectly justified in saying you're black.

Just chill - you aren't going to check a "URM" box - just put that you're African (because you are) and schools will decide. Being Bantu (or some other West African group) isn't a requirement for being Black.

Thanks, ChemEngMD. This is what I assumed as well. From my upbringing and daily life experiences, there's no question I'm a black man. The problem is, some bureaucrat for whatever reason may not agree and claim I've misrepresented myself. This is what I'd rather not risk, because I have a very cynical view of ad-coms (possibly unjustified) and are trying to weed out as many people as possible over the most superficially trivial reasons.
 
There may be an 'other' category on the AMCAS, I can't remember. To be safe, I would just check that and type in your nationality.

URM does give you a decent leg up. Go to the URM forum and post there. There are a lot of African Americans that have gotten into prestigious schools.

When I walk around my prestigious school this summer should I wear shirt with my stats to prove I deserve to be there?
 
In all my time on SDN, I've seen only a couple people that were gunning for top MD schools that had actually taken them MCAT and scored well. The vast majority are people with a good gpa and ECs that just assume the MCAT is a cakewalk and their place at a top 10 is all but assured by virtue of their awesomeness but have not yet actually taken the test.

When are you scheduled to take the MCAT, and what are your practice scores?

Oh, I certainly hope I didn't come across arrogant (it's quite easy to come across that way on the internet). I don't at all think the MCAT is a cakewalk, but I did overestimate the first time around that I did the practice tests and ended up with a 33 (13 ps, 10 bs, 10 vr). I kind of feel I didn't study as hard for it, though, and could likely hit 35-36 range if I really focus on it. Earliest I'll probably write is 2015, but most likely later than that (I plan to do a 5th year).
 
Have you considered yourself black for your entire life? If the answer is no, you are not urm
 
Here's the honest truth:

If you were invited to an interview, could you comfortably look at the interviewer as he reads your self-reported URM status?

If not, don't write it.
 
Oh, I certainly hope I didn't come across arrogant (it's quite easy to come across that way on the internet). I don't at all think the MCAT is a cakewalk, but I did overestimate the first time around that I did the practice tests and ended up with a 33 (13 ps, 10 bs, 10 vr). I kind of feel I didn't study as hard for it, though, and could likely hit 35-36 range if I really focus on it. Earliest I'll probably write is 2015, but most likely later than that (I plan to do a 5th year).

If the earliest you'll take the MCAT is 2015, then your practice test means nothing due to there being a new MCAT.
 
Thanks, ChemEngMD. This is what I assumed as well. From my upbringing and daily life experiences, there's no question I'm a black man. The problem is, some bureaucrat for whatever reason may not agree and claim I've misrepresented myself. This is what I'd rather not risk, because I have a very cynical view of ad-coms (possibly unjustified) and are trying to weed out as many people as possible over the most superficially trivial reasons.

If you are black you are URM. The fact that you are from Africa originally and not African-American in the sense of being descended from American slaves doesn't change that.

Not sure why other people are automatically giving you flak, I guess it's carryover from some other threads where people who were definitely not black wanted to claim URM status on technicalities (ie, non-black south african or egyptian wanting to claim 'African-American'--big no no).
 
Thanks, ChemEngMD. This is what I assumed as well. From my upbringing and daily life experiences, there's no question I'm a black man. The problem is, some bureaucrat for whatever reason may not agree and claim I've misrepresented myself. This is what I'd rather not risk, because I have a very cynical view of ad-coms (possibly unjustified) and are trying to weed out as many people as possible over the most superficially trivial reasons.
Here's the thing. They can't really make you prove documentation on this like they can with Native American status (basically because there are federal grants and funding in place that can only be used on members of federally recognized tribes), so I say if your friends and you, yourself identify yourself in this category. Go for it.
 
When I walk around my prestigious school this summer should I wear shirt with my stats to prove I deserve to be there?
...yes. Yes you should lol. Jk. I personally don't get the whole prestigious/top/whatever ranking system. I'm a small school, non-cut throat atmosphere kinda girl. If people want to focus on status, that's their thing. I just want to be a doctor 🙂
 
So, apparently I was talking with a friend who told me about a program for "underrepresented minorities" in medical school. From what I can tell, the designation "URM" only applies to African-Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans (I probably missed one other group).

I am 1st generation Eritrean American, and that is located in Sub-Saharan Africa. So, by all considerations, I should be black even though I look almost nothing like most black Americans. I assume when they say African-American, they mean black Americans who trace their origins to slavery? That means Africans and Afro-Caribbeans would not be classified as URM?

Also, just on the off-chance it applies to me, how much would it help exactly? My cGPA is already quite high (3.8) and just wrapping up my third year now with a double major in physics/computer science and a biology minor along with lots of extracurricular activities including research in medical biophysics and biomedical devices.

From your description it sounds like you are URM. If you select Black and have decent ECs and no criminal record you'll have a good chance of getting into one of the top schools with an MCAT of ~33 or above. Less than 10% of black applicants have an MCAT greater than 30 let alone 33. Good luck!
 
No, do this instead:
...yes. Yes you should lol. Jk. I personally don't get the whole prestigious/top/whatever ranking system. I'm a small school, non-cut throat atmosphere kinda girl. If people want to focus on status, that's their thing. I just want to be a doctor 🙂

Didn't choose my school by ranking or prestige, I picked the program that fit me best. This was because I have several years of research, and am currently on the ethics board for the IRB and ACUC, so I wanted a school with a lot of research going on. Also, I chose a school with a P/F, and good collegiality. I made sure of this by staying with a host. I'll remember to get those stats printed on my hoodie as well to assuage concerns. =)
 
So, apparently I was talking with a friend who told me about a program for "underrepresented minorities" in medical school. From what I can tell, the designation "URM" only applies to African-Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans (I probably missed one other group).

I am 1st generation Eritrean American, and that is located in Sub-Saharan Africa. So, by all considerations, I should be black even though I look almost nothing like most black Americans. I assume when they say African-American, they mean black Americans who trace their origins to slavery? That means Africans and Afro-Caribbeans would not be classified as URM?

Also, just on the off-chance it applies to me, how much would it help exactly? My cGPA is already quite high (3.8) and just wrapping up my third year now with a double major in physics/computer science and a biology minor along with lots of extracurricular activities including research in medical biophysics and biomedical devices.

If you have to ask, you probably aren't.
 
So, apparently I was talking with a friend who told me about a program for "underrepresented minorities" in medical school. From what I can tell, the designation "URM" only applies to African-Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans (I probably missed one other group).

I am 1st generation Eritrean American, and that is located in Sub-Saharan Africa. So, by all considerations, I should be black even though I look almost nothing like most black Americans. I assume when they say African-American, they mean black Americans who trace their origins to slavery? That means Africans and Afro-Caribbeans would not be classified as URM?

Also, just on the off-chance it applies to me, how much would it help exactly? My cGPA is already quite high (3.8) and just wrapping up my third year now with a double major in physics/computer science and a biology minor along with lots of extracurricular activities including research in medical biophysics and biomedical devices.
It's actually quite easy. The right answer is that no one knows how each individual adcom will classify you (URM vs non-URM) and the best approach is to simply be honest on your application and let the cards fall how they may.

If you were to apply today, you'd be presented with the following options under the "Black or African-American" field (see attachment). Note that you may type in a more appropriate classification in the "other" field if you wish. You can fully explore the various options if you want by starting an AMCAS application. Please note however that the designations do change somewhat from year to year so it's hard to predict exactly what will be available when you apply.

Here is the AAMC's statement on URM applicants https://www.aamc.org/initiatives/urm/. The old-school URM designation "underrepresented minorities" that you are talking about hasn't been used in a decade. The new one is underrepresented in medicine and relies on each adcom to decide which races or ethnicities are underrepresented in their communities, in the US, or throughout the world. Some adcoms may still be using the old definition, which is unfortunate because they're missing the point of the designation IMO.
 

Attachments

  • Screen Shot 2014-03-02 at 8.16.09 PM.png
    Screen Shot 2014-03-02 at 8.16.09 PM.png
    42.2 KB · Views: 159
Thanks, ChemEngMD. This is what I assumed as well. From my upbringing and daily life experiences, there's no question I'm a black man. The problem is, some bureaucrat for whatever reason may not agree and claim I've misrepresented myself. This is what I'd rather not risk, because I have a very cynical view of ad-coms (possibly unjustified) and are trying to weed out as many people as possible over the most superficially trivial reasons.

Eritrea is clearly African, and the fact that many ethnic Eritreans have relatively lighter complexions really isn't relevant. (Plus, since when is 'looking maybe Arabic' an advantage in the U.S.?) Also, anyone who knows the socio-political history or Eritrea over the last 30-50 years or so would know that life is complicated...

OP - Feel free to claim URM with a clear conscience, checking Black and African. Know that not everyone who interviews you will know where Eritrea is, though all but the most ignorant will know that Somalia and Ethiopia are indisputably African. Maybe have a quick sound bite explaining Eritrea's location and your family's recent history? Also, don't get hung up on TOP schools versus the merely good. The TOP schools are so selective that they won't give you much of a URM break if your credentials are merely 'good'. But a 3.8 GPA and 32-33 MCAT practice tests are a great start. Are you doing any volunteer work with refugee or African communities? That would add a lot to your application.
 
OP should check whatever box they usually check for race and ethnicity
 
While I understand and appreciate the fact that there is way more genetic diversity between West Africans and East Africans than there is between all Europeans, the classification of URM applicants is based on a Euro-centric view of race. You have every right to mark yourself as black/African, but if you are uncomfortable with that classification you have every right not to designate yourself so. Best of luck!
 
lol @ all the clowns thinking an Eritrean isn't black...

Dude you're clearly URM...you don't have to be of West African descent

I am good friends with 1 Eritrean and 2 Ethiopians and in NO part of the United States of America are they considered anything other than black

OP is not even claiming to look like a light skinned black person....if you don't appear black then it won't fly. Also, why a sudden identify crisis?
 
OP is not even claiming to look like a light skinned black person....if you don't appear black then it won't fly. Also, why a sudden identify crisis?

b/c he's from Eritrea...East Africa...on a continent of Africans Eritrea/Ethiopia has some of the fairest skin toned ethnic groups. When you're the lightest shade around most of your life, then immigrate here and see a box for "African-American," which from your experience generally comprises people of West African skin tone, you might ask some questions...

people here are clearly not well versed at all about African ethnic groups and skin tones/ accompanying confusion...I see why we need more URM doctors that are versed in these subtleties...see post #3
 
OP is not even claiming to look like a light skinned black person....if you don't appear black then it won't fly. Also, why a sudden identify crisis?

East Africans appear "Black" to a layman. Most White Americans wouldn't be able to distinguish the difference, but if you have East African friends you can spot them from a mile away.

Culturally, many Africans don't consider themselves "Black" because the connotation in the US is that Black = descendant of slaves and is usually associated with a lot of negative stereotypes (perpetuated by American and international media). So when you say "you're Black" to someone from Africa they'll likely be like no I'm Nigerian, Kenyan, Eritrean, Somalian, etc (especially if they are directly from Africa or are 1st generation) despite the darkness of their skin.

This is why many universities have African Student Associations and Black Student Associations separately. Of course, there will be some students who will properly identify with both, but the mentality I've most run into is that African students, despite being viewed by most non-Black students as Black (i.e. African-American), will always claim specific nationality first.

As someone stated, there is a lot of genetic diversity in Africa and also a lot of racism among different African ethnicities. Go tell an East African he looks Bantu or Sudanese and see the response you get.

When they get to the US though - everyone is thrown under the same umbrella as Black and some people don't get that or have a hard time accepting and identifying with that term (for the aforementioned reasons).
 
Yes, from-Africa African is not at all the same culturally as 'African-American' -- hence the clarification opportunity on the AMCAS.

While most ethnic Eritreans are generally among the lightest-skinned Africans (hence OP's question), they are unmistakably 'some shade of brown' that would not be mistaken for 'white' according to the conventional American definition. In other words: If a cop asked a white American to describe a suspect who was an ethnic Eritrean, that typical white American would most likely say 'I'm not sure', might say 'black', might say 'light-skinned African American', might say 'maybe Arab or Indian??', -- but would not say 'white.'
 
East Africans appear "Black" to a layman. Most White Americans wouldn't be able to distinguish the difference, but if you have East African friends you can spot them from a mile away.

Culturally, many Africans don't consider themselves "Black" because the connotation in the US is that Black = descendant of slaves and is usually associated with a lot of negative stereotypes (perpetuated by American and international media). So when you say "you're Black" to someone from Africa they'll likely be like no I'm Nigerian, Kenyan, Eritrean, Somalian, etc (especially if they are directly from Africa or are 1st generation) despite the darkness of their skin.

This is why many universities have African Student Associations and Black Student Associations separately. Of course, there will be some students who will properly identify with both, but the mentality I've most run into is that African students, despite being viewed by most non-Black students as Black (i.e. African-American), will always claim specific nationality first.

As someone stated, there is a lot of genetic diversity in Africa and also a lot of racism among different African ethnicities. Go tell an East African he looks Bantu or Sudanese and see the response you get.

When they get to the US though - everyone is thrown under the same umbrella as Black and some people don't get that or have a hard time accepting and identifying with that term (for the aforementioned reasons).

Funny bc as much as they don't identify as "Black", as you state, they are more than happy to take advantage of affirmative action meant for blacks that they highly take advantage of and benefit from.
 
Last edited:
Funny bc as much as they don't identify as "Black", as you state, they are more than happy to take advantage of affirmative action meant for blacks that they highly take advantage of and benefit from.

Tell us what you really think.
 
Tell us what you really think.

Truth hurts: http://www.good.is/posts/ivy-league-fooled-how-america-s-top-colleges-avoid-real-diversity

Call it the Ivy League’s dirty little secret: While America’s most elite colleges do in fact make it a point to promote ethnic diversity on their campuses, a lot of them do so by admitting hugely disproportionate numbers of wealthy immigrants and their children rather than black students with deep roots—and troubled histories—in the United States.
 
Truth hurts: http://www.good.is/posts/ivy-league-fooled-how-america-s-top-colleges-avoid-real-diversity

Call it the Ivy League’s dirty little secret: While America’s most elite colleges do in fact make it a point to promote ethnic diversity on their campuses, a lot of them do so by admitting hugely disproportionate numbers of wealthy immigrants and their children rather than black students with deep roots—and troubled histories—in the United States.

Man, if only my grades/MCAT and research background was on par with my matriculating class -- oh wait, it is.

Don't apply a statistic to a person, so no the truth doesn't hurt. But, what does hurt is doing exactly whatever else did to get into medical school and have b.s. like this define me as a medstudent. I hope the 15 minorities at the school don't take your spot, because I'm certain they didn't deserve it like you most likely did.

Tootles.
 
Man, if only my grades/MCAT and research background was on par with my matriculating class -- oh wait, it is.

Don't apply a statistic to a person, so no the truth doesn't hurt. But, what does hurt is doing exactly whatever else did to get into medical school and have b.s. like this define me as a medstudent. I hope the 15 minorities at the school don't take your spot, because I'm certain they didn't deserve it like you most likely did.

Tootles.

I've already been thru medical school, genius. Your case is one of the downsides of affirmative action, you will be grouped with those who got in and didn't have the stats, but got in thru affirmative action, even though you didn't. Simple solution to alleviate that - get rid of affirmative action.
 
I've already been thru medical school, genius. Your case is one of the downsides of affirmative action, you will be grouped with those who got in and didn't have the stats, but got in thru affirmative action, even though you didn't. Simple solution to alleviate that - get rid of affirmative action.

That as a good insult sandwich.

I hope I don't meet others who decide to "group" me together because of my appearance.

Take care.
 
You shouldn't be shocked. Just ask Clarence Thomas.

Yes, I will consult emperor of minority thoughts, SCOTUS Thomas, thanks!

Anyways, good luck OP, there's a lot of fall out over a policy in-stated to fix systematic discrimination. I don't want to hi-jack the thread anymore than it's already gone.
 
Top