Presently, I am studying abroad in Japan. I've been here for about nine months, and I'll be returning to the US in January. Most of my experience here has been classroom, travel, and social, but I'll highlight a few of the experiences I've found rewarding.
1. Cultural differences.
It's true: Tokyo is very similar to New York. It's crowded, loud, and bustling with energy all the time. But it would be in error to state that it is just like it. Every place has its own flavor, so to speak, and Japan most certainly does. For example: would you ever see a Shinto Shrine have its followers carry a portable shrine down the busiest street in New York with no complaints from any witnesses? During this time, imagine men and women in traditional Japanese dress standing side by side with men and women in suits, stands with fried octopus or riceballs just a few feet away.
However, differences run deeper than that. There is little directness. There is a concept of "空気を読む" (kuuki o yomu) which describes this perfectly. The closest English translation is "Read the air" - project meaning and read what others are projecting to you. It fine-tunes you for social interaction. You learn to read body language easily. I could give other examples, but that would be a little over the top.
2. Religious and Spiritual Differences
No matter how you spin it, despite America's foundation on religious freedom, the country is primarily Christian. Those who practice other faiths usually encounter some degree of alienation or questions about their faith a Christian might not face.
Here, though, the primary religions are Shinto and Buddhist. Most Japanese people I've met don't believe in an afterlife or the like; they believe in hard work to make life good for all around you. They pray, and there is a deeply spiritual aspect to most of their rituals, yes, but it is very different from what we see in America. And every so often, it is refreshing to be asked to explain a religious holiday to them. Now that Christmas is coming up, I frequently am asked to explain it to my classmates and friends. I'm also asked about Hannukah and other celebrations. I feel like I'm learning as much as they are when I explain.
3. Incidentals
When I say "incidentals", I don't mean things like what people wear or which side of the street people drive on. I mean the things that you find on your way through the stay that stick with you.
When I first arrived here, I lived next to a hospital. Every day, I would pass by an old man in a wheelchair and have a conversation with him to practice my Japanese. We grew somewhat close, and I looked forward to seeing him on a daily basis.
One day, I greeted him and he just stared me down. He didn't recognize me at all. His nurse told me he had Alzheimer's and was having a bad day. I was heartbroken, and it got worse. She told me that I was his only visitor - he had no family left, and none of his friends lived near enough to see him. I never even learned his name, and I was told he would look out the window in the mornings to make sure I didn't leave without saying hello.
Two months ago, the old man was transferred to an end of life home. I will never see him again.
It sounds strange, even to me, but if I'd never met that old man, I don't know that I might ever understand the concept of being alone. And I think it's vital that people know exactly what that is now.
Or another incidental might be the public transportation - the nonchalantness with which people approach a suicide on a train line. The way station attendents push and shove you into your train with no regard for where their hands go. The utter silence of the afternoon trains.
I don't think it precisely matters where you go - as long as that place is different from where you come from. I've been to China and Mexico as well, and I have to say it: until you've been somewhere completely different from what you know, you can't say you understand other lifestyles or cultures. So if you're considering studying abroad, I suggest you choose someplace you may never have considered going. India, Russia, South Africa, Germany - wherever you might find differences.
That's my two cents, I guess. And thensome. Hope it helped someone out!