Most PA programs require both Physiology and Anatomy before application, and a majority also require Biochemistry. Most also require Microbiology (with lab). Pathology is more part of the didactic year, since the student has already taken Physiology. Likewise, at least in my program, we took Advanced Anatomy during our didactic year.
In addition to the brutal didactic year, we take exams after every rotation. Every rotation is also supervised by a preceptor, often an MD or DO (at my school I've learned under MDs and DOs except for only one rotation, where I was precepted primarily by PAs).
I'm currently on my Adult Med rotation, here are the learning objectives which I have to be prepared for before the exam:
.Cardiovascular.
.Category I:.. Coronary artery disease; AMI, angina, hyperlipidemia, valvular heart disease, dysrhythmias, congestive heart failure; hypertension (essential, secondary, malignant), orthostatic/postural hypotension, arterial/venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, peripheral vascular disease (venous and arterial).
.Category II:.. Pericardial diseases / cardiomyopathies (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive) rheumatic heart disease, infectious endocarditis, mesenteric ischemia
.
.Pulmonary.
.Category I:.. Acute bronchitis, pneumonias (community & nosocomial, bacterial, viral, fungal, .
.HIV-related), pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, asthma, chronic bronchitis/ emphysema, pulmonary embolus, tuberculosis, influenza..
.Category II:.. Abscesses, empyema, restrictive lung diseases related to environmental/occupational and connective tissue etiologies, carcinomas, sarcoidosis, pulmonary hypertension, cystic fibrosis, primary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis
.
.Gastrointestinal.
.Category I:.. Peptic ulcer disease: H. pylori, gastric, duodenal; gastroesophageal reflux, esophageal spasm, esophagitis, gastritis/gastreoenteritis; hepatitis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea (infectious, parasitic), constipation, diverticular disease, pseudomembranous colitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, lactose intolerance, constipation, Nutritional Deficiencies ( Niacin, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Vitamins A, C, D, K)., Metabolic Disorders (Lactose intolerance)
.
.Category II:.. Esophageal/gastric/colorectal carcinoma; achalasia, esophageal varices, malabsorption syndromes, biliary obstruction, cirrhosis, parasitic diseases, large or small bowel obstruction.
.Musculoskeletal.
.Category I:.. Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, low back pain, gout, pseudogout, septic arthritis, osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome
.
.Category II:.. Systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, psoriasis, vasculitis, Reiter's syndrome, aseptic necrosis, polymyositis, polymyalgia rheumatica, fibromyalgia, osteomyelitis
.
.EENT.
.Category I:.. Glaucoma, otitis media/externa, labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, acute/chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis
.
.Category II:.. Oral leukoplakia, orbital/periorbital cellulitis, retinal detachment, ocular herpes, oral carcinoma, cataracts, diabetic/hypertensive retinopathy
.
.Category I:.. Diabetes Mellitus (types I and II), hypo/hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid storm, Cushing's syndrome, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia.
.
.Category II:.. Hyper/hypoparathyroidism, acromegaly/gigantism, corticoadrenal insufficiency, pituitary adenoma, thyroid cancer, diabetes insipidus, SIADH.
.Neurologic.
.Category I:.. Alzheimer's disease, CVA / TIA, tension/cluster/migraine headache, trigeminal neuralgia, giant cell arteritis, meningitis, diabetic peripheral and autonomic neuropathies
.
.Category II:.. Multiple sclerosis, cerebral aneurysm, seizure disorders, encephalitis, Bell's palsy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural bleed, Parkinson's disease, dementia, Guillian Barre, myasthenia gravis, SAH
.
.Category I:.. Acute and chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, renal calculi, pyelonephritis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, acute and chronic prostatitis, cystitis, urethritis, incontinence, epididymitis, cystitis
.
.Category II:.. Glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, renovascular hypertension, tubulointerstitial disease, bladder/prostate carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, testicular carcinoma
.
.Category I:.. Stasis dermatitis, venous stasis ulcers, tinea corporis/pedis/cruris, rosacea, onycomycosis, herpes simplex, cellulitis, decubitus ulcers, urticaria, herpes zoster, psoriasis, seborrheic/actinic keratoses, contact dermatitis, viral exanthum, gram positive and gram negative skin infections
.
.Category II:.. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.
.Hematologic.
.Category I:.. Anemias: iron deficiency, vitamin B12, folate, anemia of chronic disease, sickle cell anemia, anticoagulant use (warfarin, heparin, Lovonox, aspirin, clopidogrel)
.
.Category II:.. Coagulation disorders, thrombocytopenia, VonWillebrand's disease, acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, ITP, aplastic anemia, myeloproliferative disease, G6PD-deficiency.
.Infectious Disease.
.Category I:.. Candidiasis, gonococcal infections, salmonellosis, shigellosis, Lyme disease, HIV, streptococcal infections, staph infections, sepsis, Epstein Barr, cytomegalovirus.
.Category II:.. Pneumocystis, atypical mycobacterial disease, syphilis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcus, malaria.
.Miscellaneous.
. Dehydration, edema.
.Given an adult patient, the PA student will observe and perform, where permitted, the following procedures: using proper technique and precautions; will identify the indications, contraindications and hazards for such procedures, and will appropriately educate the patient or legal guardian about such procedures and the meaning of the results. Including, obtaining the appropriate releases. The student will identify the age/gender appropriate "normal" values.
.
.As indicated, with preceptor permission..: .
.arterial blood gases urinalysis.
.electrocardiogram
urine pregnancy tests.
.foley catheterization
venipuncture / fingerstick.
.gram stain wet mounts .
.IV catheter placement .
.nasogastric tube placement .
.occult blood in stool .
.rapid strep tests .
.injections:.. intradermal, intravenous, subcutaneous.
.specimen collection..: .
. culture/sensitivity of blood, .
. cervical, nasopharyngeal, .
. sputum, stool, urethral, .
. urine, wound .
.As indicated, under direct supervision and with assistance as needed..: .
.thoracentesis .
.paracentesis .
.joint aspiration .
.proctoscopy .
.arterial puncture, other than radial artery .
.Removal of non-penetrating ocular foreign bodies .
.Principles of Monitoring/Therapeutics .
.The student will identify the indications, contraindications, hazards and management of the following:.
.intravenous fluid therapy .
.total parenteral nutrition .
.blood transfusions .
.arterial cannulation and catheterization .
.central pressure monitoring .
.pulmonary artery pressure monitoring .
.Diagnostic Studies .
.The student will demonstrate knowledge of normal values, and list common diseases, which may account for abnormal values, for the following laboratory tests:.
.complete blood count with white cell differential / anemia profiles .
.urinalysis .
.blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, electrolytes – Na+, K+, CL -, CO2 .
.biochemical profiles: liver function, renal function, cardiac function, .
.calcium metabolism tests, glucose, lipid levels .
.hepatitis profiles .
.arterial blood gases .
.thyroid profiles .
.lipid profiles.
.rheumatologic disease profiles.
.pulmonary function testing .
.HIV/AIDS profiles .
.cardiovascular testing (cardiac enzyme profiles, echocardiography,.
.stress testing, cardiac catheterization, BNP, C-reactive protein).
.spinal fluid analysis .
.microbiology: tests for infectious diseases .
.The student will describe the indications for ordering radiologic studies such as radiographs; CT scans, MRI, nuclear medicine studies and ultrasound techniques, as diagnostic procedures, and will describe the health risks associated with radiologic procedures. .
.Interpret PA and lateral chest x-rays for pneumonia, pneumothorax, pleural.
.effusion, CHF, cardiomegaly, solid tumors, fractures, hyperinflation..
.Interpret x-rays of the extremities for fractures, dislocations and degenerative.
.Interpret x-rays of the spine for scoliosis, kyphosis, and DJD. .
.Interpret the descriptive reports of radiologists concerning flat plates of the .
.abdomen, upper GI series, barium enema, IVP's, skull and sinus films..
That all being said, med school does teach more extensive physiology and pathophysiology but PAs are nonetheless taught a great deal. PA program accreditation involves representatives from quite a few Physician organizations, including the AMA, American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American College of Surgeons.