Hi Jessica...
While there are lots of US schools which don't accept foreign clerks, there are many that do. There are some basic tenants common to most of these...
all will require a statement that you are in good academic standing
all will require proof of liability insurance
nearly all require proof of immunization status (e.g, Hep B, MMR, PPD, etc.)
many require a letter of recommendation from your Dean or a faculty member
many require an application fee (can be up to $200), but most don't IMHO
all will require a transcript of your med schooling
With all that in place, you are ready to begin your hunt! First, if your school already has ties with a US school those are usually the easiest to arrange.
No? Then most schools will have a web page which details procedures for applyinf for visiting clerkships.
Keep in mind that New York schools require a letter of permission from the State, and USMLE Step 1 scores.
Because there are so many that do accept foreign clerks, it would be difficult to list them all. If there is a certain area of the country you're interested in, I can suggest schools or suggest that you check out the web pages of schools in that area.
The American Medical Student Association (AMSA) has a link under Student/Education of all US schools listed by state. You can start there.
http://www.amsa.org
Hope this helps.