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A high heart rate (pacemaker-induced) produces a small increase in contractility (Bowditch effect). Because Ca2+ enters the cell more rapidly than it is sequestered by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, intracellular Ca2+ increases. So why it is not affect duration of 3 phase of cardiac potential? More calcium--> more positive charge inside-->more time required for 3 (K out) phase to make resting potential. Thank you.