One difference in the USA is that a resident has completed an internship during which Part III of the NBME- exam is taken: The resident has a state license to practice medicine; the intern does not.
I am putting up a web site about these ethical choices; it will include an opportunity to compare the ethics of what our "not-for-profit" teaching-hospitals may be teaching, by example, considering what they do with their "'not-for-profit' profit"-- i.e., does it "reach the patient" or is it tackled in some administrator's "not-for-profit 'Red Zone'" as an occasional exotic administrative salary (1)? Senator Charles Grassley (R, Iowa) has addressed this issue regarding a "nonprofit hospital" in Missouri which sued indigent patients for whose benefit Congress intends a tax-exemption for our nonprofit hospitals. Contact Dr. Karen Summar on his Washington, D.C. staff. I have called her.
HEButler III M.D., F.A.C.S.
Commander, U.S.N.R., Fleet Reserve
HButler@postdotHarvarddotedu
(1) See, for example, "Charity Profiting Millions" by Michael Mather, 6 May 2010, on WTKR in Norfolk, Virginia.