“Well, don’t you think that lives of those people would far more easier if we use only MCAT and give some weight to the GPA, rather than asking them to do research, shadowing, non clinical volunteering, clinical volunteering, leadership etc. on top of securing a competitive GPA and MCAT?
Not necessarily.
Argument A, URMs score statistically significantly lower than ORMs on the MCAT. Some of the reasons for that include having to work to support themselves and thus not being able to study full time for an extracurricular exam for 3-6+ months, statistically having attended worse schools their entire lives, not being able to afford a $6k 515+ Guarantee Prep Course, and not even knowing how to find resources like SDN or Anki or the MCAT review documents because they're effectively blazing the path for their family/friend group a lot of the time. If we only cared about MCAT scores, there would be even fewer URMs enrolling than there are now; go look at the publicly available data, it's kinda shocking how steep the gap is in these scores.
Argument B, some people are just mediocre test takers. If you have an obvious issue like test anxiety or just not knowing testing strategy, that's something you can fix assuming you have some time and money available (again, not everyone does), but not everyone can be a 99th percentile test taker. Notice I don't say 99th percentile in intelligence; educational psychologists do not even agree that a singular concept of "intelligence"
exists. Being a doctor involves a lot of tests, and of course those tests are not optional, but in total standardized testing will take up less than 1% of your working life. Things like performing a hands on skill or procedure, talking to a patient or colleague when emotions are running high, or managing your own mental health well enough to prevent burnout for a long career take up way more than that. The MCAT doesn't test for those abilities, but being a shift lead at McDonald's or volunteering at a hospice does. Passing the test well enough to safely progress to the next level of training based on the opinion of people much further along than you should be enough to at least move forward, even if it's not to the exact school or specialty you want.
Argument C, anyone who decides on medicine later in life or has issues crop up during undergrad is likely screwed if the only two metrics are MCAT and GPA. If 50% or (25% if GPA is weighed less) of my overall score is based on my GPA then I'm out of the game before I start unless I get a 520+. This pattern of thought actually caused me to initially not pursue medicine because I thought I needed a 4.0 to get in. I completed my degree 10 years ago with a 3.3 when I was 19, depressed, trans and closeted in the south. I had to finish it as quickly as possible so I could quit being reliant on my parents, graduate, get a real job, and find a psychiatrist who would let me transition, so I did a bs degree in 4 semesters with all my AP/IB credits; I was taking 18-24 credits per semester and getting mostly Bs with some As mixed in, but I don't deserve a shot even though I'm now a super high achiever in every aspect of my life? Doesn't seem super equitable to me.
Also, in my opinion, if 10000+ students apply for 100+ seats, “ability to graduate medical school” shouldn’t be the criteria. It should be based on who is the most qualified based on objective criteria. We need not play God!!
Argument D, many URM and other underprivileged folks (LGBT, low SES, etc) are super active in their communities. They're volunteering and spending a disproportionate time out there doing good in the world because they love their people and want to help improve their lives. If med schools didn't care about "objective criteria" such as previous academic achievement beyond passing (I am not advocating for this of course), then a lot more URMs would probably be getting in based off of strengths in service, work ethic, etc. These traits would likely translate well in medical school when they have less external pressures such as working hanging over them and more resources to learn study and test taking skills.
Argument E, patient care improves when the patient trusts the physician and coming from a similar background is a great way to immediately start off on the right foot. There are tons of studies showing that diverse patients have better outcomes when treated by physicians of their own race. Even if the patient doesn't care, you are obviously going to have ingroup knowledge and context that someone outside of your racial/ethic/identity group may not have that could help when working with a particular patient. So if the point is to optimize the level of care provided to patients by having the "best" doctors, allowing more URM folks into the pipeline is of imperative importance.
Argument F, you don't want a class of people that is exactly alike, I.e. really good at standardized tests to the exclusion of all else. Have you ever met someone that's a carbon copy of your own personality? My best friend and I are like that; I have an amazing time with him when I've got a few beers in my system, but he doesn't exactly push me out of my comfort zone and force me to grow. People unlike yourself do that. I want my med school class to have 22 yos and 40 yos, people who like spiders and people who own pelotons, moms and dads, stamp collectors and Bumble chads, folks of whatever religious groups folks are following these days, and lots of people who are not white because these are all things that do not describe me and they can probably teach me something about life that'll shift how I think about something a bit.
Argument G, Matriculants in 2001 averaged a 29.6 (507) / 3.60 GPA; Matriculants in 2021 averaged a 512 / 3.72 GPA. Those first numbers are actually right around what modern URM Matriculants are putting up btw. I think we can both agree that +5 / +.12 would be a huge difference between two applicants in the same cycle, but those people with a 3.60 have been attendings for the past 10-15 years at this point. Most of them are presumably pretty good at what they do, so I don't think we should fault people for doing as well as others who are already successful.
To sum it up, I'm really not worried about low quality people sneaking into medical school because they did a lot of volunteering or changed career plans or dealt with unexpected struggles early in life. It's logical to want "the best" people to become doctors, but the best doesn't mean anything objectively. Personally, I find it more important that ADCOMs select for personality/temperament, diversity (in all meanings of the word beyond simple URM status), and a commitment to service than play a game of find all the biggest brains in the room.