1) Make an observation in the population.
2) Come up with an explanation (i.e. hypothesis), as well as alternative explanations (i.e. alternative hypotheses).
3) Develop an approach to test the hypotheses; also known as research design (include positive and negative controls).
4) Gather data/observations using the approach, and see if they are in line with your expectations (i.e. hypotheses).
5) Because your data will rarely fit within the confines of a hypothesis, there is always unexpected findings (if you don't see them, you aren't looking hard enough), proceed to Step 2 again. Repeat as needed.